WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2023 49 five chapters or sections. Chapter one should provide background information on the FCODA, sector development challenges at global, regional, and national levels, rationale, the framework’s development process and its structure. Chapter two should provide a brief evaluation of the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal (PESTEL) analysis, a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis and a stakeholders’ analysis. Chapter three should outline the framework’s Key Result Areas (KRAs), strategic focus areas, strategic objectives and strategic interventions. The fourth chapter should document the framework’s implementation and coordination context, which includes the governance structure, staff, financial resource requirements, and risk analysis and mitigation measures. The framework is monitored, evaluated, and reported on in the fifth chapter. This chapter should also include an implementation matrix with strategic actions to be taken and budget estimates to put the framework into action. The implementation of the Framework for Community-based Dam Aquaculture (FCODA) Several studies have focused on certain direct challenges to aquaculture expansion to boost socioeconomic development (e.g., Musa et al., 2021; Owiti et al., 2021). Such challenges include high costs of fish feeds, limited availability of good quality seed, inadequate technical capacity, inadequate promotion and support by Governments to stimulate medium and large-scale commercial investments in aquaculture, low uptake of commercial aquaculture by the private sector, insufficient commercial aquaculture demonstration business models and inadequate planning for development and expansion of aquaculture, among others (FAO, 2019). It is from such challenges that KRAs could be formulated in the development of the FCODA. In this case, the framework’s three KRAs may be broadly divided into (i) Enhanced economic benefits to communities; (ii) infrastructural and human capacity development; and (iii) enabling environments for sustainable dam aquaculture (Table 1). The KRAs are required to have a multi-dimensional approach and cover issues of various sectorial inclusions, research, management, governance, and development. The fisheries potential of dams and small water bodies remains underexploited in most countries as they are not well investigated and often excluded from fisheries management plans (Aura et al., 2021). However, through the action areas stipulated, these dams could significantly increase productivity and fisheries yield and contribute to food security by assessing their carrying capacity and utilizing their potential using various approaches. One of the approaches is stipulated in Aura et al. (2022) using socioeconomic and trophic status indices (Figure 2). Estimates of production carrying capacity and sound scientific advice on the status of the dam, the endemism of the fish species to be restocked and the pro-activeness of the community involved will support project implementation. This would in turn bridge the fish consumption deficit per capita of 10 kg person-1 year-1 nationally (FAO, 2022). Through such KRAs, the development of aquaculture in dams could bear good prospects for diversification of livelihood streams for local communities, creating employment and generating tax revenue from both direct and indirect aquaculture activities along the fisheries value chain. Due to their small size and the fact that they are either stateowned or communal property, these dams’ resources could be easily managed by local governments or dependent communities to increase fisheries productivity (Bolgrien et al., 2009). Dams can thus promote community fisheries and aquaculture initiatives to increase fish production and availability in rural areas with proper management and husbandry (Gibbs, 2004). In this case, the FCODA could be implemented by community-based dam leaders and dam management with policy guidance from the departments (CONTINUED ON PAGE 51) FIGURE 2. Graphic representation in the determination of production carrying capacity of dams. FIGURE 3. Proposed organisation structure for community-based dam aquaculture management.
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