AQUA€ULTURE MARCH 2007 Volume 38 No. 1
PARAMETERS CYCLOP-EEZE ARTEMIA Protein 62% 36% 3% Carbohydrate 3% Astaxanthene Canthaxanthene 15 ppm 18:3n3 (Linoleic) 20:5n3 (EPA) 22:6n3 (DHA) Enzyme Activity 30,000 Avg. Body Length 800 um NAUPLII* 71% 17% 5% 3% 31 ppm ■ - 102 ppm -1.3% 0.25 -2.7% 22,500 500 um *E uilibrium between free and esterilied forms depends on enviromental actors :-:;.� Artemio Sample: Argent #95-p Argentemio Platinum Lobel 8702 152nd Avenue NE Redmond, WA 98052 USA Tel: 425-885-3777 Fax: 425-885-2112 email@argent-labs.com www.cyclop-eeze.com www.argent-labs.com
weRLD AQUACULTURE VoL. 38 No. 1 MARCH 2007 4 6 9 11 14 18 End of an era ROBERT STICKNEY Genetic change in farm stocks: Should there be concern? NICK ELLIOTT AND BRAD EVANS Aquaculture potential in Tabasco, Mexico I. PATRICK SAOUD Culture of freshwater prawns, Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii, in inland saline water ATUL KUMAR JAIN, GIRISH KUMAR AND K.D. RAJU Profitability and management of low-tech catfish farming: The case of Kentucky SrnDHARTHA DASGUPTA AND ROBERT DuRBORow In situ hybridization demonstrates that Litopenaeus vannarnei, L. stylirostris and Penaeus rnonodon are susceptible to Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV) KATHY F.J. TANG, CARLOS R. PANTOJA, RITA M. REDMAN AND DONALD V. LIGHTNER 22 FAO- Cultured aquatic species information program VALERIO CRESPI AND MICHAEL NEW 25 Toward a selective breeding program for South Sea pearl oysters in Indonesia JENS KNAUER, DEAN JERRY, JOSEPH J.U. TAYLOR AND BRAD EVANS 28 Determining the insurability of fish diseases impacting aquaculture production STEPHEN H. SEMPIER, TERRILL R. HANSON, KEITH H. COBLE, JR., J. COREY MILLER AND SALEEM SHAIK 34 Web-based tool for economic analysis of fish transportation decisions TATIANA A. BoRISOVA, PREETHI R. VANTARAM, GERARD D'SouzA, DANIEL MILLER AND CHRIS ZABRISKI 41 Live hauling food size channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus FORREST S. WYNNE 45 Unique applications of automated vehicles in aquaculture STEVEN HALL, RANDY R. PRICE, AMOL MuDGUNDI, NAVNEET MANDHANI, UMA NADIMPALLI AND LAURA GAUTHREAUX (Continued onpage 2) Coverphoto: Silver- and gold-lippearl oystersfrom the South Sea. (seepage 25) WORLD AQUACULTURE Magazine WORLD AQUACULTURE magazine is A published by the World Aquaculture 1 1• Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society 143 APEX J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana .,, ._ State University Baton Rouge PUeuc���0::C�NcE Louisiana 70803, USA. Tel: +l-225578-3137· Fax: +1-225-578-3493· e-mail: wasmas@ aol.com. World Aquaculture Society Home Page: http://www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2007-2008 President Sungchul (Charles) Bai President-elect, Lorenzo Juarez Past President Michael Masser Secretary, Julie Delabbio Treasurer, Jay Parsons DIRECTORS Michael New M.C. Nandeesba William Daniels Barry Costa-Pierce Marco Saroglia Wagner Valenti CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Graham C. Mair (Asian Pacific) Ricardo Cavalcanti Martino (Latin America) Hisashi Kurokura (Japan) Jimmy Avery (USAS) HOME OFFICE STAFF Carol Mendoza, Assistant Director cmendol@lsu.edu WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF Robert R. Stickney Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum Editor Amy Broussard, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302 Valley Cente1� CA 92082 Tel: +1-760-751-5005· Fax: +1-760-751-5003 e-mail: worldaqua@aol.com MANUSCRIPTS Al'ID CORRESPONDENCE: Submit two (2) copies of all manuscripts and one (I) copy of correspondence to Mary Nickum Editor, World Aquaculture Magazine, 16201 E. Keymar Drive, Fountain Hills AZ 85268 USA. E-mail: mjnickum@ gmail.com. Letters to the Editor or other comments should be addressed to Editor-in-Chief Robert R. Stickney 2700 Earl Rudder Freeway South, Suite 1800 College Station, TX 77845 USA. WoRLD AQUACULTURE (ISSN Number 1041-5602) is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA Library subscriptions are $50 annually for United States addresses, and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $40; Individuals $60· Corporations (for-profit), $250; Sustaining, $100 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals) $1,0009; E-Membership, $10 (no publications meeting discounts and not an active member in last five years). Periodicals Postage paid at Baton Rouge Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for a subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. PosTMASTER: Send address changes to the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA. ©2007, The World Aquaculture Society.■ WORLD AQUACULTURE 1
A very insightful essay was published in Fisheries, the magazine of the American Fisheries Society, in November of last year (Hilborn 2006). Hilborn's thesis is that within the fisheries community there is "a strong movement of faith-based acceptance of ideas, and search for data that support these ideas, rather than critical and skeptical analysis of the evidence." He goes on to provide examples of papers that have been published in two of the world's most prominent journals that use faulty or inadequate data to support the person beliefs of the authors. It is my contention that Hilborn's essay could just as easily have been written by those scientists - and I use the term loosely - who produce anti-aquaculture papers, just by citing different sources of information and substituting the word "aquaculture" for "fisheries" and "fisheries management." As has been, according to Hilborn, the case with respect to fisheries papers, manuscripts highly critical of aquaculture (particularly shrimp and salmon aquaculture) that are long on opinion and very short on supportive science have appeared in the journals Science and Nature, among other publications. I am aware of, and in fact was a co-author of, at least one among several rebuttal manuscripts that have been submitted to those journals and others in an attempt to present unbiased and sound scientific evidence that refutes the beliefs that are put forth in the flawed papers. Invariably, such rebuttals have been rejected. This leads one to the conclusion that journals that publish poorly or undocumented information based on beliefs and not sound science either are not conducting a proper peer review process, are not listening to those peer reviewers who question the evidence presented, and/or have an agenda that supports faith-based, or as I prefer to call it, junk science. Aquaculture is not without its issues, as I have commented and written about extensively -including in the pages of World Aquaculture. However, as someone recently said, Contents (continued) 48 Sustainable development of marine cage aquaculturefor poverty alleviation in Vietnam UDAYA SEKHAR NAGOTHU 55 All that Atlantic sturgeon fry need are plenty of food, space and clean tanks! JERRE W MOHLER 57 The fate of chemical additives and antimicrobial agents applied in Danish freshwaterfish farms MORTEN S. BRUUN, LARS-FLEMMING PEDERSEN, 2 MARCH 2007 our science has only been around a few decades and we are trying to advance in a few years as far as terrestrial agriculture has progressed over a period of several millennia. Many of the criticisms raised by those opposed to aquaculture that pushed our community into action some quarter century ago continue to be the same as when they were first raised, while as they say, the world has moved on.. While the aquaculture community has effectively addressed many of the issues that have been raised, the opponents refuse to accept the fact that the situation today is not the same as it was in the mid-l 980s. Our community has moved from its first response, which consisted to some degree of denial, to aggressive and effective problem solving. I am frankly sick and tired of hearing that a salmon net pen produces wastes equivalent to the sewage from 10,000 people and other nonsensical claims. Even worse is the statement, "Yes, but what if such and such happens? Invoking the 'precautionary principle' is tantamount to saying "We will accept no practices by aquaculturists that have measurable impact on the environment." Well, I am sorry, but we live in the real world where our actions result in consequences. Our obligation as aquaculturists who, I would argue, are environmentalists first and were environmentalists - in the most positive sense of the word-long before the environmental extremists came on the scene, is to produce healthful cultured foods while maintaining high environmental and social standards. Have we been 100 percent successful in meeting that objective? No, of course not, but we are on the proper trajectory and we are not going to have several millennia to get it right, so we will keep moving forward at a rapid pace. In the meantime it would be very nice if media attention was less focused on the babble of faith-based aquaculture bashers and more attention was paid to the scientifically supported facts. -Robert R. Stickney Hilborn, R. 2006. Faith-based Fisheries. Fisheries 31(11): 554-555. INGER DALSGAARD, PER BovBJERG PEDERSEN AND OLE SoRTKJiER 62 Marine shrimp agribusiness in Brazil YoNY SAMPAIO, Ecro DE FARIAS CosTA, ERICA ALBUQUERQUE AND BRENO RAMOS SAMPAIO FEATURES AND DEPARTMENTS 44 Literature of Interest 68 Calendar 72 Advertisers' Index
Presidenfs column Time is flying by in my abbreviated Presidency, which ends in March since WAS leadership changes at the annual meetings. My term is shorter than some due to the fact that triennial meetings, usually held· in February or March, are preceded by out-of-USA meetings, usually held during May. My term as WAS President is nine months while the term of our Presidentelect, Dr. Sungchul C. Bai, will be almost 15 months. Therefore, this will be my last President's column. Like most WAS presidents before me, I have found the position both rewarding and taxing. I am pleased that I have in some small way contributed to our society's continuing leadership in aquaculture information exchange and advancement as a worldwide organization. By the time you read this, the San Antonio Triennial will be a thing of the past. I am confident it will have been another very successful meeting, and at least based on the preliminary registrations, it may have the largest attendance of meetings WAS has ever held in the United States. I again want to give special thanks to the Program Committee and Steering Committee members for ensuring such a successful conference. The Program Committee consisted of Sandy Shumway (Chair), Jay Parsons (WAS), Leroy Cresswell (NSA), Mike Frinsko (FCS), and Betsy Hart (NAA). The Steering Committee was made up of Joe Tomasso, Sandy Shumway, and John Nickum. I am pleased to report that the recently voted upon bylaws changes passed overwhelmingly. I personally want to thank all of you who took the time to vote. Now the Board �-4�1 of Directors will amend our Policy, Rules, and Regulations document (this supports the bylaws by clarifying the daily procedures or rules of how the Society carries out its functions) to make them conform to the by-law changes. A new discussion item for the Board that needs membership feedback is the idea of "Aquaculturist Professional" certification. Many other professional societies have optional certification programs for their membership. An example in the USA is the American Fisheries Society (AFS), one of our Triennial partners. The AFS offers its members the opportunity to apply for a "Fisheries Professional" certification at three levels or tiers. Each tier has minimum requirements of education, experience, and professional development and the Society charges a fee to review members for certification. So what do you think? Should WAS develop an "AquacultureProfessional" certificate?Please discuss this with WAS Board members, myself or Dr. Bai and help guide us in this important decision. With the San Antonio meeting behind us, we should all look forward to the next WAS meeting in Busan, Republic of South Korea. I was fortunate to be invited to represent WAS at the 2006 Busan International Seafood Exposition and provided a presentation entitled "Present Status of World Aquaculture." The Exposition was held at the same convention center that will be the site of our WAS 2008 conference. Busan is a beautiful seaside city and the convention center is an outstanding facility ( Continued on page 8) 200 ·· t:::ll,\_g�1, AJ,\tc:10� . r- ==� � ��;=�;· _ �5� =:./....:- � Busan International Seafood & Fisheries EXPO WAS President Michael Masser (eighth from left) was part of the ribbon cutting ceremony to open the 2006 Busan International Seafood Exposition. The Busan convention center is the site for World Aquaculture 2008. WORLD AQUACULTURE 3
End of an era The San Antonio meeting will be remembered for a vast number of things. Included will be the excellent presentations, opportunities to meet with friends old and new, the exchange of ideas and stories, the opportunity to sample the culture of Texas, and many more. For me, San Antonio represents the closing of a major chapter in the history of the World Aquaculture Society as Juliette Massey's retirement becomes official. I would like to take this opportunity to reflect a bit on my memories of Juliette. In my senior years, my memory may not be quite as sharp as it once was (or maybe it never was), but I believe I was serving on the WAS board when Juliette was hired, back in the late 1980s. She brought a real breath of fresh air to the position of office manager because it became obvious from the beginning that she was totally dedicated to seeing the society succeed. Her loyalty, energy, productivity and positive attitude never waned as she dealt with a number of sometimes difficult presidents and board members (including me) along with radical changes in the operation of the society. It was during Juliette's tenure that WAS turned from publishing a newsletter to a quarterly magazine, called interestingly enough, World Aquaculture. The WAS book series was also initiated, and lest we forget, the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society was launched as a replacement for the proceedings of the meetings of the society (then known as the World_ Mariculture Society). The development of affiliated societies and chapters were major issues as were the finances associated with running the society. During the years that Bill Hershberger, Lou D'Abramo and I moved through the society's presidency starting in about 1990, the question was, "Who's going to turn out the light when we have to close things down?" The society went through hard times and came out stronger. The audacity of 4 MARCH 2007 Juliette Massey a small group of mostly United States scientists creating a global society went undeterred as the World Aquaculture Society actually began to grow into its name. During Juliette's years the society greatly expanded its number of meetings outside the United States, the triennial meetings with the Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society and the National Shellfisheries Association were developed and the leadership of WAS in international aquaculture circles expanded. Juliette was also committed to young people. She got to know the student members and worked diligently to get students more involved with the society. She recognized that the students are the future of the discipline and made them feel welcome. Throughout all the changes mentioned and so many, many more, Juliette stood as a rock, working happily with the revolving door of board members and officers. For several years she suffered through seeing the declining health, and ultimate death of her husband, Phil, without letting the travail interfere with her work for the society. She hired well, with among her successes being the employment of Carol Mendoza who will succeed her. The society recognized Juliette a few years ago and promoted her to Director of the Home Office of WAS. My wife Carolan and I have many pleasurable memories of Juliette. We recall the crawfish boil in Baton Rouge at the Louisiana State University aquaculture facility where we, along with members of the board, ate a table full of crawfish only to find out that another batch had to be cooked for another group. We apparently had consumed their crawfish as well. Another memory is sitting on a balcony with my wife and Juliette in Puerto Rico drinking rum and coke and talking about how the society was going to survive in the face of financial difficulties. The society did survive and is in good shape today. It continues to be a rare example of a truly international scientific society. Much of the success is due to Juliette Massey, a person who had never been outside the United States until she became associated with WAS. I clearly remember how uncomfortable she was when she had to first travel internationally, and how she quickly adapted and came to love the opportunities she had to visit other nations and become familiar with the cultures (including aquaculture practices) of them. Juliette will be missed, but the WAS will go on and continue to grow. She has played a pivotal role in the growth of our society and deserves all the accolades she received in San Antonio. It has been my extreme pleasure having had the opportunity to know and work with Juliette and I, along with my wife Carolan, wish her the very best in her retirement. We're certain that her contributions to our world are not ending, but will only expand as she strikes off in new directions. Good luck Juliette, and come see us. Our door is always open. -Robert R. Stickney
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Genetic change in farm stocks: Should there be concern? NICK ELLIOTT1 AND BRAp EVANS2 The genetic histories and relationships of commercial aquaculture cohorts are generally poorly understood. Unlike traditional livestock industries, few commercial aquaculture operations have controlled breeding programs with full pedigree information on the farm stock. Therefore, managers have no knowledge of genetic changes occurring between cohorts and the natural populations to which they are likely to be comparing performance. We have examined genetic Fig. 1. Handful of cultured Australian abalone. variation in farmed populations (Photo by Peter Whyte) of abalone (Figure 1) and compared this with the variation observed in wild populations from which the broodstock were obtained. Our results demonstrate the potential for use of molecular markers to monitor genetic variation in farm stocks and, thus, enable remedial action to be taken if required. Our aim was to quantify genetic change over the first generation of domestication. Major losses of genetic variation were observed. Why Might This Be of Concern? Aquaculture species are highly fecund, with individual broodstock producing many thousands to millions of gametes. The survival of the resulting larvae under controlled hatchery and nursery operations is now much higher than under natural conditions. It is therefore easy to produce large numbers of commercial stock, for harvest and future broodstock, from few breeding animals. This can lead to a small genetic base and low genetic diversity in the farm stock. Commercial fertilizations are often mass or uncontrolled events. There6 MARCH 2007 fore, the proportional gamete contribution of particular individuals is unknown. So, despite the use in some instances of large numbers of broodstock, it is unknown how many actually contribute to the next generation. If only a few, again this will result in a small genetic base and low genetic diversity. Likewise, use of closely related broodstock can result in low genetic diversity of the farm stock. A small genetic base and low diversity in a farm stock can result in high rates of inbreeding or unintentional selection, which may lead to poor commercial performance due to lower growth, fitness or higher instances of deformities. The aim for many farm managers is to improve the performance of their farm stock to gain a commercial advantage. They can achieve this through better management of the environment and the genetics on their farm. To make appreciable genetic gains in a farm stock there needs to be genetic diversity and little genetic improvement will be possible without sufficient genetic diversity. Our Studies Given that abalone farmers were starting to use domesticated broodstock without pedigree knowledge and the need for sustainability of farm stocks, we were interested in knowing how much the genetic diversity differed between a first generation of farmed abalone and a wild cohort from which the farm broodstock had been collected. In other words, what was the genetic change in one generation due to the actions of farming? It is relatively easy to see and measure phenotypic variation in such traits as size or color. This variation is controlled by the interaction of an individual's genes and the enviromnent. So while we could easily measure and compare growth rate between cohorts, we could not easily, without pedigree lines, say how much of the difference is under genetic control and, so, how much genotypic change had occurred. We could, however, examine specific regions of the DNA and compare this between individuals in the different cohorts. For our studies, we chose to examine genetic change using non-coding regions of nuclear DNA called microsatellites. An example of a microsatellite is GATCGATCGATCGATCGATC. It is a region of DNA in which two to five DNA bases are repeated a number of times, in this example GATC is repeated five times. As microsatellites are nuclear DNA, each individual carries two copies, generally one inherited from each parent. Each copy is termed an allele for that microsatellite locus.
90 ,--------------------, 80 ,·�---------------;----' 70 60 +--=,,.,-= �------------------! 50 ,-�:--...:�_ �----------------l Fig. 2. An example of the relation- 40 ship between the expected loss of microsatellite alleles (percent allele loss) and the actual number of broodstock contributing gametes to the next generation (effective breeding number) after one, 1 0 ,-�--r---------=:::::::�--,=------l 0 -t------,---=�==--,--�---,----""Ll�-� 0 50 five and 10 generations. So What Have We Done? We examined variation at a number of microsatellite loci in random samples from a farm and compared this to variation in a sample from the wild population from which the hatchery broodstock had been collected. The variation was measured in terms of number of alleles observed in each sample, and the frequency that each allele occurs in the sample. We did this work looking at two species from farms in two countries. In one study we examined a random sample from each of two different farms and compared each with a sample from the different wild population from which broodstock had been collected. We examined three independent microsatellite loci, in 50 individuals in each sample. At one farm there was a loss of 37 percent (12 of 32) of the alleles compared with the wild sample, and for the other farm a 40 percent allele loss (8 of 20) was observed compared with the sample from the wild population. In our second study we took four random samples of 64 individuals from a farm stock and compared the variation at five microsatellite loci with that in a sample of 61 individuals from a wild population from which the broodstock were obtained. In this instance we observed allele losses of 39 percent to 67 percent in the farm samples (wild population sample had 83 alleles). What Can We Say of This Loss? First, most of the 'lost' alleles (those not observed in the farm) were observed at low frequencies ( <0. 10) in the wild sample, so the loss was not unexpected. However, we did observe some major shifts in the frequency of some alleles. For instance, a change in frequency from 0.01 in the wild to 0.30 in the farm, and from 0.30 to 0.60 in either direction occurred. Importantly, we also observed alleles that had become fixed at 100 percent in a farm sample, resulting in no variation at that DNA region. We, therefore, observed loss of alleles and changes in frequency of alleles between the wild and hatchery samples. Should this be of concern to a farmer and is the observed change statistically and biologically significant? Statistical Significance To measure the statistical significance of the change we compared the observed loss with an expected loss. The expected loss is the likelihood of observing the allele in the farm sample based on the frequency that we observed the allele in the wild sample, the number of generations of isolation between the samples, (in this case only one) and the number of parents actually contributing to the farm stock (this is the effective breeding number). Figure 2 shows an example of the relationship between the effective breeding number and expected loss of alleles, based on allele frequencies observed in the wild or founder population and the numb�r of genera� tions of separation. The relationship is based on the observed frequency of the alleles in the stock from which the broodstock were collected. Basi100 1 50 200 250 300 Effective breeding number cally and intuitively, the lower the effective breeding number, the higher the expected loss, and the greater the number of generations of isolation the greater the loss. In the example derived from one of our study samples, a loss of 40 percent of the alleles after just one generation would be expected if the effective number had been only 10 individuals. The actual number of broodstock spawned to create the cohort suggested by the hatchery records was much greater than this. The significance of the observed change can be affected by a difference in the number of individuals examined in each sample, the larger a sample size the greater the chance of seeing more alleles, particularly the rarer ones, and the choice of those individuals. Sample size was not an issue for us inasmuch as our wild and farm samples were of similar size. Despite similar sample sizes, however, in our second study we observed a large difference among the four farm cohorts with losses varying from 39 percent to 67 percent. All four represented statistically significant losses compared with the wild sample. If we combined all four samples into a single farm sample, despite the greater number of individuals, 256 compared with 64, we still observed a 23 percent loss compared with the wild sample, but that change was not statistically significant. This highlights the need to keep sample sizes similar, but also how the choice of the individuals in a sample can influence the result. We made an assumption in these calculations that all hatchery broodstock contributed to the next generaWORLD AQUACULTURE 7
tion. The observed greater than expected loss of alleles suggests that this was not the case, and the actual effective breeding numbers, those contributing to the next generation, were much lower than the number of spawned individuals. On both farms, mass fertilization of gametes from multiple males and females has resulted in an unequal contribution of prospective parents. This is most likely due to competition by dominant males/sperm, timing/age of sperm and ova, incompatibility of individuals and variable survival of different families. The statistical significance of genetic change is therefore a complex mix of sample sizes, relationship of the samples to the overall populations, the number of generations of isolation and the actual effective breeding number. Therefore, we need to be cautious in interpreting the statistical significance of the genetic change. It is important, however, to measure genetic variation in farm stocks if pedigree data are not available. Biological Significance The biological significance of such $$$ for your Business Fish farm, seafood distributor or related business owners? Would expansion, retirement or sale of the business interest you? Our publicly traded company offers unique programs to accomplish these and other goals while you maintain operating control. For more information and free analysis of whether or not your business qualifies call or email us today. Contact: Harvey Stein at 561-239-9378; or email to idfl 67@bellsouth.net. 8 MARCH 2007 genetic change is that genetic diversity is prerequisite to genetic gains and maintaining fitness (preventing inbreeding). The microsatellite loci at which we examined genetic variation are non-coding regions of the DNA, and we assume that the variation at these is representative of variation at the coding regions or genes. The loss of rarer alleles is perhaps not a serious issue and may be an unavoidable consequence of domestication. Major changes in frequency of remaining alleles may be more important, particularly if an allele was to become fixed (no variation) after only one generation of domestication. Can We Limit Genetic Change in Hatcheries? Genetic change can be monitored and controlled possibly through designed breeding programs, either via the use of full pedigree information in family selective breeding programs or at a minimum, by ensuring a minimum effective population size in the hatchery by conducting controlled fertilizations. Breeding programs provide the opportunity to determine the genetic component of trait variation, which does not necessarily correlate with phenotypic variation. Importantly, breeding programs permit greater control over genetic changes for commercial advantage. Monitor Genetic Change We have observed major changes in genetic variation in first generation hatchery abalone populations when compared with their founder wild populations. Such changes have potential biological implications for the sustainability of the farm stock. While some caution is required in interpreting the statistical significance of such genetic changes, without pedigree information in a breeding program we recommend routine assessment of genetic variation in farm stocks. Notes 1 CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart, Tasmanian 7001 Australia 2 School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. PRESIDENT'S COLUMN (Continuedfrom page 3) and will make a great venue for our 2008 conference. As WAS president, I received VIP treatment and was honored to take part in the opening ribbon cutting ceremony (I'm the tall one near the stanchion on the left.). Check Busan out at http://english. busan.go.kr and I hope to see all of you there. As I mentioned in my last column, it is with a little sadness and a little joy that we have said goodbye to Juliette Massey as our Home Office Director. Juliette has departed WAS as of the San Antonio meeting and while we are sad to see her go, we are glad that she can now enjoy a well deserved retirement. So again, I think you all for supporting me as your president and thank my colleagues on the Board of Directors that have made my service a pleasure. I hope to continue to serve the Society in the future. I urge all of you to continue to support WAS and be involved in its future development. -Michael Masser WAS President Many of the books reviewed in World Aquaculture are available at a discount to WAS memebers at www.was.org. Please take advantage of the opportunity to save by ordering through the Society.
Aquaculture potential in Tabasco, Mexico I. PATRICK SAOUD1 Until quite recently, the word Tabasco brought me images of a spicy sauce in a small bottle. Some months ago however, I was invited by my friend Antonio Garza de Yta, Director of CRM-AGC2 (Aquaculture Global Consulting) to the state of Tabasco in Mexico. The aim of the visit was to evaluate aquaculture potential in the state and to discuss the potential construction of an aquaculture research and development center there. Although a little skeptical, I gladly made the trip. I was very surprised by what I saw. The state has many suitable sites and resources. It has a decent airport with direct flights to Houston and to Mexico City. The capital city, Villahermosa, is a vibrant metropolis with good infrastru�ture, nightlife, schools and hospitals. The state is also rich in energy and fuel. These are assets that anyone engaged in aquaculture in tropical countries cannot take for granted. Furthermore, the state has two large harbors (Puerto de Dos Bocas and Puerto de Frontera) capable of loading container and cargo ships. Finally, the state has a very large labor force. The first thing one notices about Villahermosa, is the temperature and the humidity. Mexico City has a cool, dry climate but Tabasco is warm and humid. It has conditions every warmwater aquaculturist dreams of. The state is small compared to other states in Mexico (84,000 km2) but has 30 percent of the freshwater of the whole country. Several large rivers and many pristine streams line the state. Moreover, I was assured that Tabasco has huge aquifers that are not deep, making wells easy and Dr. Arturo Romero Villanueva, director of Fundacion Tabasco, sitting at the head of the table discussing aquaculture investment potential in Tabasco. inexpensive to drill. On top of abundant freshwater, Tabasco has a long coastline that is very sparsely inhabited and is optimal for shrimp pond culture and fish cage culture. The state has assigned 53,000 ha of coastal land as suitable for shrimp culture. Additionally, there are 100,000 ha for freshwater fish culture, 30,000 ha suitable for oysters and 100,000 ha for marine fish culture. The temperature and rain regime of Tabasco are suitable for two to three shrimp crops a year. Having toured some beautiful Antonio Garza (second from right) with Pa/mar shrimp farm managers in Tabasco. � � sites, Antonio and I returned to Villahermosa via some Olmecan and Mayan ruins. These dot the state. In the capital we were welcomed by Dr. Arturo Romero Villanueva and his team from the Fundacion Tabasco3. This foundation is responsible for attracting investment to Tabasco by facilitating getting through the red tape, introducing investors to local businessmen and politicians, giving advice and doing whatever else it takes. I found the team to be extremely efficient and energetic. They arranged for a meeting between AnWORLD AQUACULTURE 9
Potential site for future school and training center for aquaculture in Tabasco. Physical, Economic and Social Statistics on the State of Tabasco Surface area Population Percent of population under 30 Oil and gas production Fresh water availability Infrastructure (road, electric, communication) Corruption Investment incentives 84,000 km2 2,000,000 65 percent Highest in Mexico 30 percent of all freshwater in Mexico Excellent Least of all Mexican states Many tonio and myself with local businessmen, university officials and politicians. They are eager to see an aquaculture development center built in the state. They foresee such a center working to produce new technology, study novel species, offer reasonably priced consultancy, develop markets and produce young animals for stocking. Such a center would also work in association with local universities to educate and train future aquaculturists. With Mexico being a member of the North American Free Trade Agreement and with its proximity to the markets of the United States, aquaculture there is a great opportunity for aquaculture development. Notes 1 The author is a Professor of aquaculture and aquatic sciences at the American University of Beirut in Lebanon. He can be contacted at is08@aub.edu.lb 2 Aquaculture Global Consulting (AGC). www. aquacultureglobalconsulting.com/indexen.html 3Fundacion Tabasco. Industrial Investments and Promotion Agency. Paseo Tabasco 1203 - 302 Col. Lindavista, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. Tel: 52 993 3156900, 3156963. www.fundaciontabasco.org.mx 24th Annual Meeting of the AAC Association Aquacole du Canada Aquaculture Canada0M 2007 23-26 September, 2007, Shaw Conference Centre and the Westin Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta 10 MARCH 2007 www.aquacultureassociation.ca General information: Christopher M. Pearce, AAC President Tel: 250-756-3352, E-mail: PearceC@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca Canada's national forum on the business, science and technology of aquaculture
Culture of freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in inland saline water ATUL KUMAR JAIN, GIRISH KUMAR AND K.D. RAJU1 There is growing interest around the world in utilizing inland saline water for aquaculture (Forsberg et al. 1996, Allan et al. 2001, Ingram et al. 2002, Samocha et al. 2002, Jain et al. 2004). The major ionic constituents of inland saline groundwater are similar to those in seawater but with different concentrations (Table 1). Inland saline groundwater is most commonly deficient in potassium and has an excess of calcium (Fielder et al. 2001). Potassium deficiency affects the survival of Penaeus rnonodon in inland saline water. Success could be achieved in culturing P rnonodon in inland saline water by fortifying the culture medium with potassium salts (Collins and Russell 2003, Rahman 2003). Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii is a freshwater palaemonid shrimp that completes the larval phase of its life cycle in seawater of 12 ppt (Ling 1967). However, the postlarvae (PL) and juveniles of M. rosenbergii survive in brackish water of 25 ppt salinity and exhibits good growth at 20 ppt (Sandifer et al. 1975). Commercial culture of M. rosenbergii can be conducted in coastal brackish water of low salinFigure 1. Wakoo/ Tullakool subsurface drainage scheme, NSW, Australia. (Photo by Atul Kumar Jain) ity (Karim 1996). Stern et al. (1987) studied the os- Table 1. motic and ionic regulation of M. rosenbergii using brackish water in an inland arid region in Israel but opined that growth and development were reduced Ions in water of exotic salinity and in which the ionic ratios differed markedly from those found in sea- Sodium water. A trial was performed to study survival and growth of M. rosenbergii in inland saline groundwater of 8-11 ppt at the village of Dhurmai, District Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. A newly constructed earthen pond of 0.25 ha (Figure 1) was Magnesium Calcium Potassium Chloride Sulfate Concentration of major ions in saline water (Bharatpur, Rajasthan) and sea water of 8 ppt salinity. Concentration (mg/L) Percentage of Saline water Sea water1 sea water 2900 2436 1 19.04 707.6 312.8 226.21 561 . 1 92.8 604.63 5 85.6 5.84 2485 4408 56.37 300 626.4 47.89 filled with saline water (Table 1) from an open well to a depth of 1.25-1.50 m. The pond was fertilized 1 Boyd and Thunjai (2003) with 2,500 kg of raw cow manure 15 days prior of stocking. The pond was stocked with 2,000 M. rosenbergii PL (average weight 0.800 ± 0.125 g) along with 4,000 young M. cephalus (average weight 0.184 ± 0.013 g) during March 2002. The animals were fed on a ration consisting of rice bran and ground nut oil cake mixed in equal proportions (protein 25-28 percent, carbohydrate 50 percent and fat 8 percent). Feeding was done twice daily at 0700 and 1800 hrs WORLD AQUACULTURE 1 1
Table 2. Water quality characteristics of inland saline water pond during culture of Macrobrachium cephalus and M.rosenbergii Parameter Year (2002) March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Salinity (ppt) 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 12 8 1 1 12 Temperature (0C) 29.7 27.3 29.4 29.3 32.0 30.5 32.7 25.5 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 8.7 7.9 9.2 8.8 7.1 10.1 8.9 9 Free carbon dioxide (mg/L) 0.6 1 .3 0 0.6 3.6 3.6 1 . 1 2.5 Total alkalinity (mg/L) 40 32.5 27.5 100 240 240 235 320 Total hardness (mg/L) 7600 9800 9300 4500 3600 3700 3700 1560 Calcium (mg/L) 725 601 570 601 561 641 601 400.8 Nitrate (mg/L) 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 1 .1 1 .2 1 .0 0.8 Phosphate (mg/L) 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 Ammonia (mg/L) 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 1 .0 0.8 0.5 Table 3. Specific growth rate, survival and yield of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in inland saline water of 8 ppt salinity under mixed culture with M.cepah/us for 198 days it affects P monodon. Excess calcium also was not observed to retard the growth of M. rosenbergii in this case. Although the maximum growth of M. rosenbergii was reported at <53 mg/L of CaCO3 Parameter Species hardness (Brown et al. 1991 ), Bartlett and EnkerM.rosenbergii M. cepha/us lin (1983) found that growth was not adversely affected by hardness levels between 940 and 1,046 mg/L CaCO3 at relatively low alkalinity. The present study suggests that inland saline water of 8-1 1 ppt salinity that is deficient in potassium has good potential for use in the culture M. rosenbergii. In the present trial, the survival of prawns was not very high but total biomass production including that of M. cephalus was good. The success Number stocked 2000 4000 Initial length (cm) 2.570 ± 0.072 Initial weight (g) Survival (%) 0.800 ± 0.125 23 0.184 ± 0.013 80 Final length (cm) Final weight (g) Total Yield (kg) 1 9.72 ± 0.630 85.58 ± 7.082 40 22.65 ± 0.845 209.885 ± 29.887 671 .61 of culture of M. rosenbergii in inland saline water at Bharatpur (area 5,044 km2 ), Rajasthan with 70 percent of the ground water of low to moderate salinity (Kalra and Sharma 1999) is conducive to commercial shrin1p fanning in the region. We Yield (kg/ha) Specific Growth Rate 160 2.36 2686.44 3.55 initially at 10 percent of body weight for 30 days and at two percent thereafter. Water depth was maintained by filling with saline water as required. No water exchange was undertaken during the culture period. Pond water quality was analyzed for salinity, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, total hardness, nitrate, phosphate and ammonia (APHA 1980) every month (Table 2). Shrimp weights were obtained by sample netting at monthly intervals to adjust feeding rates. The crop was harvested after 198 days. Total survival, length and weight of the animals were recorded (Table 3). Postlarval M. rosenbergii attained an average weight of 85.58±7.082 (Figure 2). Total survival and specific growth rate were 23 percent and 2.36, respectively, which were similar to survival and growth in fresh and brackish water. Total yield of M. rosenbergii was 40.0 kg, while 671.6 kg of M. cephalus were harvested. Potassium deficiency in inland saline water did not affect survival and growth of M. rosenbergii as 12 MARCH 2007 need to further study the cumulative effect of salinity, potassium and calcium in inland saline water on the growth and survival of M. rosenbergii with the goal of achieving higher production levels. Notes 1Aquaculture Research Laboratory of CIFE, Matsya Bhawan, Rani Road, Ambamata, Udaipur-313 001, Rajasthan, India email : atulsalinewater@yahoo.co.in Acknowledgment The authors are thankful to Dr. S.C .Mukhe1jee, Director, CIFE, Mumbai for providing the facilities to undertake this work funded under a National Agricultural Technology Project of ICAR (Grant No. PAL/AED/026) and to Dr. N. P. Sahu, Senior Scientist, CIFE Mumbai for reviewing the manuscript.
References Allan G.L., B. Banens and S. Fielder. 2001. Developing commercial inland salineaquaculture in Australia : Part 2. Resource inventory and assessment. NSW Fisheries Final report series No. 31, NSW Fisheries, Australia. APHA (American Public Health Association). 1980. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste wate1; 14th edition, American Public Health Association , Washington, District of Columbia, USA. Bartlett, P. and Enkerlin, E. 1983. Growth of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenebrgii in asbestos asphalt ponds in hard water and a low protein diet. Aquaculture 30:353-356. Brown, J. H., Wickins, J. F. and MacLean, M. H. 1991. The effect of water hardness on growth and carapace mineralization.ofjuvenile freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man. Aquaculture 95:329-345. Fig. 2. Prawns harvested from saline water pond. (Photo byAtul Kumar Jain) Boyd, C.E. and T. Thunjai. 2003. Concentrations of major ions in waters of inland shrimp farms in China, Ecuado1; Thailand and the United States. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 34 (4): 524-532. Collins A. and B. Russell. 2003. Inland prawn farming trial in Australia, Pond study tests P monodon performance in low-salinity groundwater. Global Aquaculture Advocate 6 (2):84-85. Fielder D.S., W J. Bardsley and G. F. AUan. 2001. Survival and growth of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus, in saline groundwater from inland New South Wales, Australia. Aquaculture 201 :73-90. Forsberg J.A., P. W. Dorsett and W H. Neill. 1996. Survival and growth of Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus in saline groundwater of West Texas, USA. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 27: 462-474. Ingram B.A., L. J. McKinnon and G. J. Gooley. 2002. Growth and survival of selected aquatic animals in two saline groundwater evaporation basins: An Australian case study. Aquaculture Research 33: 425-436. Jain, A.K., S. C. Mukherjee and S. Ayyappan. 2004. Inland saline water aquaculture in India : Research and development. Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India. Kalra, N.K. and D. C. Sharma. 1 999. Ground water Atlas of Rajasthan. SRSAC, DST, Govt. of Rajasth:an, Jodhpur. Karim, M. 1996. Brackishwater aquaculture in Bangladesh :'A review. FAO/UNDP Technical Report No. 12 Ling, WS. 1967. Methods of rearing and culturin•g Macrobrachium rosenebrgii (de Man). In Proceedings of the World scientific conference on biology and culture of shrimps and prawns. 1 2-21 June, 1967, Mexico. FAO Fisheries Report No. 57 (3). Rahman, Ur-Shakeeb 2003. Survival and growth of Penaeus monodon in inland saline groundwater. M.F.Sc. dissertation submitted to Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India. Samocha TM., L. Hamper, C. R. Emberson, A. D. Davis, D. McIntosh, A. L. Lawrence and P M. Van Wyk. 2002. Review of some recent developments in sustainable shrimp farming practices in Texas, Arizona and Florida. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 12: 1-42. Sandifer, P.A., J. S. Hopkins and T. I. J. Smith. 1975. Observations on salinity tolerance and osmoregulation in laboratory reared Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae (Crustacea:Caridae). Aquaculture 6:103-1 14 Stern, S., A. Brout and D. Cohen. 1987. Osmotic and ionic regulation of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) adapted to varying salinities and ion concentrations. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 86A: 373-379. The availability of saline water is increasing in inland regions of many countries including the U.S., Australia and India. The increase is attributed to hydrological imbalances below the land surface, high rates of evapotranspiration in semiarid and arid regions and to geological and topographical features. As a result of inland salinity, agriculture production is adversely affected. Aquaculture is being viewed as an economically viable activity to utilize the vast and ever-increasing resource of inland saline water and also, to combat inland salinity. In Australia, sub-surface saline water is pumped into large evaporation basins to reclaim lands for agricultural use that were potentially sensitive to water logging. Saline water from evaporation basins is found suitable for culture of a few fish and shrimp species. Saline waterpond at Dhurmai, Bharatpur. (Photo by Atul Kumar Jain) WORLD AQUACULTURE 13
Profitability and management of low-tech catfish farming: The case of Kentucky SmnHARTHA DASGUPTA AND ROBERT DuRBORow1 The channel catfish industry in the United States is primarily designed around intensive production practices coupled with large scale processing plants producing fillets as their main output. The industry is concentrated mostly in a few southern states including Mississippi, Arkansas, Alabama and Louisiana. This is due partly to cost-reducing factors, such as available land and water resources suitable for pond culture, the presence of local feed mills, availability of abundant low-wage labor and a warm climate necessary for catfish growth. While Kentucky is traditionally a southern state, it does not have the land and water resources necessary to construct a catfish industry commensurate with Mississippi or Arkansas. Despite these limitations, there is a small, intensive catfish production cooperative in southwest Kentucky, with 160-200 ha of ponds that supply fish to a local processing plant, which sells frozen fillets as their primary product. Kentuckians have a strong liking for catfish as an item for food and entertainment, especially fee fishing. Although, frozen catfish fillets are easily available, many individuals prefer fresh fish and, sometimes, live fish. This demand has encouraged the growth of a small-scale catfish industry designed to supply local markets. The small-scale catfish industry consists of part-time producers, with 0.2-0.8 ha ponds and very little experience in aquaculture. Limitations 14 MARCH 2007 in both management experience and management time are usually not conducive to using intensive, high management production methods. The producers also face a market that would accept only a few hundred kilograms of fish per month, which also makes intensive production, with yields of 4,500 kg/ha/yr, unsuitable. Aquaculture specialists in Kentucky have identified extensive catfish production to be an appropriate technology for these farmers. Wurts and Wynne (1995) identified the salient characteristics of extensive, or low-input catfish production methods in Kentucky. Farmers stock large fingerlings (45 g, length = 21 cm) in spring or fall at sufficiently low densities that would permit a maximum feeding rate of 34 kg/ha/ day or less. At those feeding rates, the pond environment will adequately process uneaten feed and fish waste and keep water quality at acceptable limits for catfish, without a requirement for supplemental aeration or chemical use (Swingle 1958, Tucker et al. 1979). Hence, substantial water quality management, which is of crucial importance in an intensive system, is not required for extensive production, allowing farmers with few management skills to produce limited quantities of catfish. This article investigates the economics of extensive channel catfish production and identifies optimal management activities for addressing different markets. Description of Extensive Catfish Farming in Kentucky Most aquaculture ponds in Kentucky are small, 0.2-0.8 ha. The ponds are usually filled by runoff and by water pumped from local streams. New catfish ponds are used for 10 consecutive years prior to draining and renovation. We assumed pond size to be 0.4 ha and pond construction cost to be US$3,000/pond, which is typical of central and western Kentucky. Many farms have existing ponds, some of which can be converted for aquaculture use, provided they are not too deep and are free of trees/stumps or other major irregularities. Kentucky aquaculture experts place a pond conversion cost at $1,000/0.4 ha pond. Land is valued at US$2,500/ha. Extensive catfish farming requires little , equipment. A pickup truck (US$15,000), riding mower (US$1,000), water pump (US$540) and a feed storage facility (US$3,000) are necessary. We assumed that the truck and mower are used only 10 percent of their operational time on catfish culture. Harvesting equipment, such as a seine (US$450) and livecars (US$250/unit) are very useful. We assumed that harvested fish are held in livecars pending sale for 1-2 days. Water quality inside livecars is maintained by a continuous water exchange using the water pump. Catfish stocking typically occurs in spring and fall in Kentucky. For the purpose of this model, we assumed
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