Table 2. Indirect and Induced Employment -Total and Within the Municipality, 2003. Municipality Indirect and Induced Total Cajueiro da Praia 515 Acarau 1 ,649 Aracati 2,981 Canguaretama 2,398 Pendencias 2,233 Porto do Mangue 1 ,618 Goiana 988 ltapissuma 410 Valen9a 1 ,085 Jandafra 1 ,052 Impacts on Municipal Employment Direct employment generated by the marine shrimp agribusiness is provided in Table 1. In some municipalities, shrimp culture is the single most important activity responsible for generating employment. It is the case, for example, of Cajueiro da Praia, in which the second most important activity is public employment. The same occurs in Valenc;a, Jandaira, Pendencias and Porto do Mangue. Generated (direct, indirect and induced) total jobs are presented in Table 2. For comparison, the total indirect and induced employment and the ones generated within the municipality are provided. As pointed out in the methodology, only the smaller part of the inter-sectorial linkings has intra-municipal impact and even with the upward bias, indirect and induced jobs that are generated in each municipality vary by less than seven percent, to a maximum of 69 percent. Total employment is also given as a percentage of Economically Active Population (EPA; IBGE 2000). In relation to the EPA, the percentages are necessarily smaller because of unemployment and, mainly, underemployment. Still, in five municipalities shrimp culture has significant expression. Those five are Porto do Mangue, Pendencias, Canguaretama, Cajueiro da Praia and Aracati. In Goiana as expected the participation in total EPA is very small. ' In municipalities located by the coast, in which farming is of minor importance, shrimp culture jobs dominate, in accordance with data collected by the Labor Ministry (RAIS data), which refer only to formal jobs: 100 percent in Cajueiro da Praia, above of 90 percent in Acarau, Aracati, Itapissuma and Jandaira; about to 80 percent in Valenc;a, around 60 percent in Pendencias, between 40 and 50 percent in Canguaretama and Porto do Mangue and approaching 20 percent in Goiana. The last municipality mentioned is strongly tied to the sugar and alcohol industry. The data show that shrimp culture has increased in importance, in terms of jobs, from 1999 to 2003, following the expansion in shrimp farm area and total production. 64 MARCH 2007 Within the Municipality Total Employment % of EPA 79 442 12.4 1 , 132 1 ,831 6.7 1 ,91 1 3,657 9.8 544 1 ,935 12.8 1 80 2, 169 30.9 1 10 825 34.5 1 04 629 1 .4 33 325 2.6 1 65 995 2. 1 145 583 1 0.7 It can be concluded that shrimp culture is of great importance to the formal job market in almost all of the major municipalities, in relation to the EPA, with the only exception being Goiana. Impacts on Municipal Economic Product The income effect can be taken as either the value of the production or the added value, the indirect and the induced income. In the case of regions or countries, the indirect and induced effects are almost integral. But, in relation to municipalities, the effects are limited because the linkages impact other municipalities more strongly. As a consequence, it is estimated that the intra-municipal linkages answer for only two percent of the total indirect impact. As for the induced effect, the income that is spent in the municipalities is limited almost exclusively to the values paid as wages and the part of the expenditures made in the municipality. It is assumed that the net income generated by all small farms - those less than 10 hectares - is spent in the municipalities and that, in the case of Acarau and Aracati, in which the headquarters of the companies historically are located and exert great local leadership, all net income is expended within the municipality. The indirect and induced total effects are reported in Table 3. The intramunicipal effect for the municipalities, shown in the second column, is a percentage of the calculated total. It is larger in the case of Acaral'.1 and Aracati because of internalization of most of the income. Analyzing the participation of the appropriate income in the municipality - intra-municipal effect - shrimp culture is distinguished by the high contribution to the municipal GDP in the municipalities of Cajueiro da Praia, Porto do Mangue, Acarau, Aracati, Pendencias and Canguaretama. It is also true in Jandaira, but represents little for Itapissuma, Valenc;a and Goiana. The calculated effect exceeds the estimated GDP in Cajueiro da Praia. Two hypotheses are raised: part of the wage bill, corresponding to employees who live in other municipalities, predominantly Parnaiba, a large regional center near Cajueiro da
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