Table 3. Total Income Effect (Direct, Indirect and Induced) and Inner Municipality Effect (US$). Municipality Total Effect Intra-Municipal Effect Municipal GDP % of GDP Cajueiro da Praia 58,842 7,632.8 Acarau 1 88,591 .2 1 09,698.4 Aracati 341 ,026 1 85,1 58.4 Canguaretama 274,302 52,676.4 Pendencias 255,41 8.8 1 7,416 Porto de Mangue 1 85,01 8.4 1 0,668 Goiana 1 1 2,980 1 0,057.6 ltapis�uma 46,883.2 3, 138.8 Valenga 1 24,098.8 1 5,954.4 Jandafra 1 1 6,320.4 14,092.4 Praia, is expended; and/or the estimated GDP presents a downward bias. Note the clear contrast between the total effect and the participation in the GDP of the appropriate income in the municipality. The difference is sizable in Jandaira, for example. The difference is due to the weight of the industry, production and processing of the shrimp in the municipality and to the retention of only a minor fraction of the generated income in the municipality. In contrast, the enormous weight of the industry in Pendencias and Porto do Mangue is clearly visible, where even with only a small part of the added value being retained, it still represents a high percentage of the municipal GDP. Another interesting aspect relates to the relative size of each municipality. The case of Cajueiro da Praia is emblematic. Even when considering only the wage bill, given the fragility of the offering of goods and services in the municipality and the regional weight of Parnaiba, shrimp culture is, by far, the main component of the municipal GDP. At the other extreme, Goiana, a regional center with a large commerce and several sugar mills, the activity adds less than one percent to the municipal GDP. Given the expressive participation of shrimp culture in the municipal GDP it is expected that the expansion of shrimp production has had an impact on the evolution of the GDP (LiY). We can compare the evolution of the municipal GDP with the one of the corresponding microregion. The analysis of the evolution of the GDP shows that it presents a larger increase, in relation to the microregion, in Porto do Mangue, Canguaretama and Jandaira. The increase is similar in Acaral.'1. and Aracati, showing that exogenous effects balanced out the expansion generated by the shrimp industry. In Cajueiro da Praia, Valern;a, Itapissuma, Goiana and Pendencias the municipal GDP grew less than that of the micro-region. Impacts on Municipal Tax Collection Municipal tax collection is affected in a direct and an indirect way through increases in municipal tributes col6,204.8 123 230,675.2 48 488,695.2 38 1 80,51 8.8 29 69,507.2 25 21 ,985.6 49 1 ,886,872.4 148,1 1 4.4 2 564,986.8 3 1 00,881 .2 14 lected from farms, laboratories and processing centers, and increases in municipal income (wages that impact in the expansion of the property tax - IPTU, expansion of commerce and on transferences from the federal and state governments. The municipal tributes that apply directly to shrimp culture are limited: the annual business license and the services tax collection are, in general, five percent of the value of the given services. In the case of the federal and state transferences, the effect of the shrimp activity is only slightly visible. Sales tax is an example. The federal legislation establishes that, of the total collected, 25 percent belong to the cities. Of that 25 percent, 3/4 are passed to the cities as a function of their aggregate value. The aggregate value is estimated by the difference between sales and purchases. In this way, the value of total shrimp sales is computed and, after deduction of payments, the aggregate value is obtained. This value is computed even if the activity has not collected sales tax. The remaining part (1/4) of the 25 percent, or 6.25 percent of the sales tax collected, is distributed to the cities in accordance with state legislation, which usually takes into account social or social-environmental variables. Shrimp exportation is exempt from sale tax according to law 8796. Internal sales are taxed in 17 percent. But the states have granted tax benefits that have practically exempted that activity. But even if no tax is applied, the added value is computed to effect the redistribution to the municipalities of 18.75 percent of the total collected value. Although it is difficult to clearly identify the effect of the shrimp contribution to the value received by the municipality from sales tax, it is obtained taking the derivative of the sales tax quota with respect to the additional municipal aggregate value: d(Quota sales tax.) = sales tax.0,l 875[IVa. + Va./(2'.Va.)2} 1 avai 1 1 (IVa i)2 where Vai is the value added in the municipality i. The variation in the quota of sales tax depends on the variation in the total tax collected, which depends on the WORLD AQUACULTURE 65
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