Although the total value is small in relation to total public municipal revenue, it is well above those obtained from direct collection (license and services tax). For 2002, for example, it was 41 percent for Itapissuma, 38 percent for Cajueiro da Praia, 31 percent for Jandaira, 10 percent for Valern;a, nine percent for Pendencias, eight percent for Aracati and 6.5 percent for Acarau. Thus, the compensation for the resignation of export taxes adds more to the public revenue than all the direct taxation of the shrimp activity. In summary, marine shrimp culture affects municipal tax collection mainly through the sales tax quota and through the export compensation quota and, on a lesser scale, through direct taxes - business licenses and services tax. Marine Shrimp Culture Impacts on the Municipal Economy This study attempts to illuminate the effects of the shrimp culture industry on selected municipalities. There are visible and fully recognized impacts at a municipal level and lesser known impacts that are still of substantial importance. The contribution to employment expansion is fully recognized. The participation in formal jobs on the shrimp farms is of great importance and brings great stability to the worker. Total employment is of great importance in the smaller municipalities, in which shrimp producers are, by far, the biggest employers even if almost no indirect and induced impact occur within the municipality. The impact would be even greater if backward and forward linkages were strengthened. In the cities where those linkages are more solid, a good portion of the induced jobs occur inside of the municipality as a result of the retention of the income and its consumption in the city. The impact on the municipal income is less visible but still recognized by some. It is pointed out again that the effect in the municipality is only a fraction of the total income effect. That is, the contribution to regional income is many times higher, mainly in small cities with limited commerce and when processing occurs in other cities and the headquarters of the companies are situated out of the city. Even with these sizable leakages, the generated income has visible impact on the municipal GDP. In some of these municipalities, shrimp culture has been responsible for the fast growth of the GDP. The impact on municipal tax collection is neither visible nor recognized in the majority of the municipalities. This can be attributed to several causes. One is the small participation of direct tax in the public revenue. As a consequence, municipalities have no stimulus to increase direct tax collection. A second is lack of clarity of the relation between the aggregate value and the sales tax quota. This contribution is not visible and, as a consequence, is not recognized, but substantially increased total transferences and, in the final analysis, public revenue. It is one of the major contributions of shrimp culture to municipal income. Thirdly is the complete absence of analysis on the contribution of shrimp exports to the increase of the compensatory quotas due to the exemption of tributes on exports. Despite the fact that the value is not significant, in relation to the other transferences it represents an additional flow of resources to municipal finances As a consequence, there is evidence that shrimp culture, in the analyzed municipalities, contributes to the employment and increase and stability of income, to the increase of the municipal revenue and lastly, to the improvement of the quality of life. Notes 1 Yony Sampaio, Prof. Dept. of Economics I PIMES, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. ysampaio@elogica.com.br . Address: Granja Itapoa, Estrada de Aldeia, KM 2, Camaragibe, PE 54.792-000, Brazil. 2Prof, Depart. of Economics I PIMES, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. ecio@yahoo.com. Address: Prac;a Professor Fleming, 50 I Apto. 1201, Recife, PE 52.050-180, Brazil 3 MA Student, Dept. of Economics I PIMES, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, albuquerqueerica@yahoo.com 4Undergratuate Student, Dept. of Economics I PIMES, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, brenosampaio@hotmail.com 5Such tax collection resignation is given to all exports according to federal law. References ABCC (Associac;ao Brasileira dos Criadores de Camarao). 2003. Censo da Carcinicultura Brasileira - 2003, Final Report . ABCC (Associac;ao Brasileira dos Criadores de Camarao). Revista da ABCC, Recife,. Azzoni, C. R., D. Kadota, E. A Hadad and M.T. Rodriguez. 2001.Macroeconomia do Nordeste: 1970-1998, Fortaleza, B anco do Nordeste. Costa, E. F. and Y. Sampaio. 2004. Gerac;ao de Empregos Diretos e Indiretos na Cadeia Produtiva do Camarao Marinho Cultivado. Revista Economia Aplicada 8 (2):1-19. Costa, E.F., Y. Sampaio and E. Albuquerque. 2004. A Carcinicultura Brasileira: Expansao Recente e Perspectivas no Comercio Mundial. Revista Brasileira de Comercio Exterior 8 (out/dez): 86-95. IBGE. Censo Demografico, www.ibge.gov.br, accessed in 2005. Ministerio da Fazenda. www.fazenda.gov.br, accessed in 2005. Ministerio do Trabalho. www.rais.gov.br, accessed in 2005. Rocha, I., J. Rodrigues e L. Amorim. 2004.A Carcinicultura Brasileira em 2003, Revista da ABCC 6(1): 30-36. Rodriguez, M.T. and.I. M. Guilhoto. 1998.Eficiencia Alocativa do Fundo Constitucional de Financiamento do Nordeste (FNE) - Uma visao de insumo-produto. Revista Economica do Nordeste 29 (3): 319-348. Souza Junior, J.P. 2004. Analise da Eficiencia da Produc;ao de Camarao Marinho em Cativeiro no Estado do Ceara. Dissertac;ao de Mestrado. Programa de P6s-Graduac;ao em Economia Rural, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brasil. Vergolino, J. R. and G. M. Gomes. 1999.Estimac;ao dos PIBS Municipais para Municipios do Brasil, Brasilia-OF, IPEA. WORLD AQUACULTURE 67
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