24 September 2009 water exchange rate was increased to 50 percent until day 20. From days 2130 when unenriched live food and prepared feed were provided, the daily volume of water change was increased to 100 percent. A photoperiod of 16L:8D was maintained throughout the rearing period. The pH and dissolved oxygen levels recorded were within the ranges of 7.5-8 and 4-4.5 mg/L. The survival rate of the larvae in all LRTs was good during the first two weeks. Significant mortality began on day 15. On day 30 all LRTs were harvested and larvae were counted and measured. The average survival rate was only 1.5 percent. Variation in larval growth was distinct. Body lengths and weights at harvest ranged from 2-4.2 cm (averaging 2.87cm) and 0.21.1 g (averaging 0.50 g. Summary and Conclusions Spangled emperor broodfish were collected from the wild and successfully spawned in captivity, but larval survival was poor (1.5 percent). Nevertheless, the results of this trial suggest that captive spawning Lethrinus nebulosus through hormone manipulation in the hypersaline conditions of Abu Al Abyad Island is possible. The low survival rate of the larvae may have been a result of the following: • The broodfish used in the trial were collected from the wild and were not given enough time to acclimate to captive conditions, so early capture and domestication of broodstock using the proper nutritional regime might improve egg quality and larval survival. • Feeding of the larvae was carried out as recommended for marine finfish larvae, but the nutritional quality of the Artemia, artificial feed and enrichments used to boost the levels of HUFA in the rotifers and Artemia may have been inadequate, so future trials should evaluate that theory. • The size variation among the larvae my have triggered cannibalism in the rearing tanks and contributed to low survival rate, so periodic grading of the larvae should be considered in future trials. Notes 1Fish & Shrimp Farming Project, Abu Al Abyad Island, P.O. Box 372, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Fax: 00971-28839112, E-mail: omeryousif@gmail. com. 2Reed Mariculture, USA. 3Golden Prawn Inc., Taiwan. 4Salt Creek, Utah, USA. 5NRD, INVE, Belgium. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the staff of the Fish and Shrimp Farming Project at Abu Al Abyad Island for their sustained hard work and enthusiastic cooperation. References to commercials products does not constitute endorsement of those products and does not imply approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. References Brothers, E.B., D.McB. Williams and P.F. Sale. 1983. Length of larval life in twelve families of fishes at ‘One Tree Lagoon’, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Biolology 76:319-324. Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen. 1989. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Species Synopsis No. 125(9):118. Claydon, J. 2004. Spawning aggregations of coral reef fishes: Characteristics, hypothesis, threats and management. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 42:265-302. Domeier, M.L. and P.L. Colin. 1997. Tropical reef fish spawning aggregations: Defined and reviewed. Bulletin of Marine Science 60:698-726. Hamilton, R.J. 2005. Indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK) of the aggregation and nocturnal spawning behaviour of the longfin emperor, Lethirinus erythropterus. SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin No. 18. Pp. 9-17. Kulmiye, A.J., M.J. Ntiba and S.M. Kisia. 2002. Some aspects of the reproductive biology of the thumbprint emperor Lethrinus harak (Forsskäl 1775), in Kenyan coastal waters. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1:135-144. McFarland, W.N. 1982. Recruitment patterns in tropical reef fishes. Pages 83-91 In G.R. Huntsman, W.R. Nicholson and W.W. Fox, Jr., editors. The biological bases for reef fishery management. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Bulletin, National Marine Fisheries Service , Washington, District of Columbia USA. Randall, J.E. 1995. Coastal fishes of Oman. Crawford House Publishing PTY Ltd, Australia. Reitan, K.I., J.R. Rainuzzo, G. Oie and Y. Olsen. 1997. A review of the nutritional effects of algae in marine fish larvae. Aquaculture 155:207-221. New Literature Genten, F., E. Terwinghe and A. Danguy. 2009. Atlas of Fish Histology. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire USA. 215 p. This book contains 450 color histological photomicrographs covering the various finfish tissues and systems. There is an introductory chapter on histological techniques and fish gross anatomy with photos of fish sections on which the various tissues, organs and other features are identified. The introduction is followed by 15 chapters that cover fish tissues in general; the skeletal tissues; muscles; heart, blood vessels and blood cells; immune system; integument; digestive system; gastrointestinal glands; swim bladder; respiratory system; kidney, chloride cells and rectal gland; nervous system; endocrine glands; reproductive system; and sensory systems. The photomicrographs are taken from 40 fish species. Each chapter contains a brief narrative, but is primarily comprised of high quality photographs. The book should be of particular interest to fish pathologists who want to compare their histological slides with normal histology.
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