World Aquaculture 39 Fig. 2. From left to right, a Jatropha tree showing ripe fruit, a cross-section through ripe fruit, Jatropha seeds. Fig. 3. Steps in the processing of Jatropha seeds indicating yields at each step. Table 1. Levels of anti-nutritional and toxic factors in Jatropha curcas kernel meal and soybean meal. Anti-nutritional/toxic components Jatropha curcas Soybean meal Toxic Nontoxic Phorbol esters (mg/g kernel) 2.79 ND NA Total phenols (% tannic acid equivalent) 0.36 0.22 NA Tannins (% tannic acid equivalent) 0.04 0.02 NA Phytates (% of dry matter) 9.40 8.90 1.5 Nonstarch polysaccharides (% of dry matter) 16 13.6 14 Saponins (% diosgenin equivalent) 2.6 3.4 4.7 Trypsin inhibitor (mg trypsin inhibited/g sample) 21.3 26.5 23.9 Lectin activity (1/mg of meal that produced 51-102 51-102 90-108 ND, Not detected; NA, Not available. Makkar and Becker 2009 and Makkar and Becker 1997. Table 2. Chemical composition, sugar and starch contents (%) of Jatropha kernel meal from toxic and non-toxic genotypes and soybean meal. CP Lipid Ash NDF Total sugar Starch Toxic 60.3-62.4 1.5 9.6 18.2 7.7-10.3 9.4-11.2 Non-toxic 60.2-63.8 1.0 9.8 18.0 10.2 10.6 Soybean meal 47.4 2.8 7.1 14.9 NA NA Fish meal 62.0 6.5 NA NA NA NA Makkar and Becker 2009, Zdunczyk et al. 1999 and Alvarez 2007. and Becker 2009). The crude protein content of Jatropha meal is greater than soybean meal, but similar to fishmeal (Table 2). The amino acid composition of the toxic and nontoxic Jatropha meal and soybean meal is shown in Table 3. The levels of essential amino acids, except lysine, are greater in Jatropha kernel meal than soybean meal and castor bean meal (Makkar et al. 1998, Kumar et al. 2010a). Detoxification Methods for Jatropha Meal In the past two decades, several studies have been carried out for the complete detoxification of Jatropha kernel meals. Ionizing radiation treatment could serve as a possible processing method for inactivation of certain antinutrients and
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