42 June 2012 group could be because of the higher protein availability from the DJKM compared to fishmeal, which enhances the feed utilization. There is a possibility of synergistic effects between fishmeal and DJKM; both were complementary to each other in their amino acid composition. Therefore, DJKM protein in combination with fishmeal protein probably induces excellent nutrient and energy digestibility and leads to higher growth performance and nutrient utilization in shrimp. Table 4. An overview of the result of replacing fishmeal with Jatropha-based feed ingredients in fish and shrimp diets Jatropha-based Species Inclusion CP in Experimental Fishmeal Biological effects References ingredient level in diet (%) period protein re- diet (%) (weeks) placed in diet (%) Detoxified Common 24 and 36 38 8 50 and 75 At up to 50% replacement Kumar et jatropha kernel carp) level growth performance and al., 2010b, meal (DJKM) (Cyprinus nutrient utilization were similar Kumar et al. carpio L. to those in control; >50% re- 2011a placement level decreased per- formance. Inclusion of DJKM in the diets did not change blood metabolite, ion and enzyme levels. Also no adverse histopath- ological changes were observed. DJKM Common 38 38 6 75 Growth performance, nutrient Kumar et al. carp utilization, oxygen consumption 2010c and metabolic rate were similar to those in control. DJKM Common 25 and 31 38 16 50 and 62.5 No significant difference in Kumar, carp growth rate among the groups. 2011 DJKM Rainbow 34 and 43 45 12 50 and 62.5 Growth rate and feed efficiency Kumar et al. trout (On- or 50% replacement group 2011b corhynchus were similar to those for control; mykiss) 62.5% replacement significantly depressed these parameters. DJKM White leg 12.5 and 25 35 8 25 and 50 Shrimp on DJKM-based diet Harter et al. shrimp grew better than control; 2011 (Litopenaeus nutrient deposition in the body vannamei) was similar; hypocholester- olaemic effect observed in fish fed DJKM-based diet. Detoxified Common 20 and 30 38 12 50 and 75 Growth performance, nutrient 6 jatropha protein carp utilization and digestive enzyme isolate (DJPI) activity were similar to those in control, and improved protein utilization in DJPI-fed group. Blood parameters were in the normal range. Also no adverse histopathological changes were observed Heated Jatropha Nile tilapia 20 and 25 36 12 50 and 62.5 No differences in growth rate, Makkar et platyphylla (Oreochro- feed utilization, oxygen con- al. 2011, ketnel meal mis niloticus L.) sumption and average meta- Akinleye et (H-JPKM) bolic rate among the H-JPKM al. 20117 diets and control. A study was conducted to verify the biochemical, haematological and histological responses of adding DJKM to common carp and rainbow trout diets (Kumar et al. 2010b, d). Blood parameters, such as RBC and WBC counts, hemoglobulin and hematocrit concentrations, blood protein (albumin and globulin), blood ions (calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium), total bilirubin and total blood urea nitrogen were in the optimum range. There were no histo- (Continued from page 40) (Continued on page 44)
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