20 SEPTEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG • more or less sophisticated cage structures, in fjords and bays, eventually moving out to more open sea areas; • land-based systems operated in ponds, concrete raceways or tanks; • recirculation systems that allow, maybe at a higher cost, production close to large urban markets, often in temperate and cold climates. Success stories are numerous although most have or are continuing to experience rough times, including Atlantic salmon farming (Fig. 5), the classic example that has set the scene for many other types of business aquaculture. A first example is overproduction in the early 1990s in Norway, resulting in a severe financial crisis that was finally remedied by better marketing efforts, i.e. developing new outlets allowed for further expansion of the industry. Another example with Atlantic salmon has to do with diseases. Although much progress was made in disease control, a lack of basic biosecurity measures has been at the origin of recent devastating problems in Chile, such that it will take years to recover from the present economic setback. In terms of scale of automation and production size, salmon farming is again leading the way. The farm in Figure 6 is situated offshore of the Trondheim fjord in Norway in a water depth of more ABOVE, FIGURE 6. TOP: Offshore salmon farm producing 12,000 ton/yr in Norway. BOTTOM LEFT: Pneumatic feed distribution system. BOTTOM RIGHT: Floating four-store building for feed storage and control room.
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