26 SEPTEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG are removed on an annual basis. Without a doubt, this aquaculture activity has significantly alleviated coastal eutrophication. When talking about the need and potential for more integration we should not limit ourselves to aquaculture activities only. New offshore infrastructures are being built for generating energy from wind or waves. This infrastructure could provide facilities for easy integration with cage and long-line farming of fish, mollusk and seaweed species (Fig. 26). Energy and food production sectors could develop interesting synergies. Priority 9 – Replacements for Fishmeal and Fish Oil. Based on recent progress, we can be optimistic that the fishmeal and fish oil paradox in aquaculture is gradually being solved. Much work however is still needed and we might also expect that the approaches followed will differ from region to region. Priority 10 – Stock Enhancement Programs. More attention is needed to devote to the possible integration of restocking activities with fisheries management. Although this particular FAO Bangkok 2000 recommendation was poorly met, there is much empirical evidence of the benefits of restocking projects in freshwater and marine environments. However, there is also much criticism about possible impacts on biodiversity and overall cost-effectiveness. Fisheries scientists and aquaculture researchers need to come together to engage in a multidisciplinary R&D program to better evaluate the technical and socioeconomic potential, especially now that we have much better analytical tools to evaluate such largescale experiments. Fishermen are more than eager to cooperate in such studies. For example, local fishermen recaptured 30 percent of released turbot that had migrated within one year from Belgium to all over the North Sea (Fig. 27), indicating excellent support for this rather modest program. Meeting our Goals Societal leverage will be critically important to accomplish the priorities outlined above. A multi-stakeholder approach, involving all key players, is needed to decide on priorities and to make sure that all noses are turned in the same direction. International cooperation with due respect for cultural differences is a must and will require more efforts to reach compromises. I am convinced that there are many opportunities between North and South, East and West to develop win-win opportunities, even in sectors where today it looks like tension is building up. One example is the recent creation of the European Aquaculture Technology and TOP LEFT, FIGURE 23. Coastal farming of fish (Japanese flounder) in cages, mollusks (scallop, abalone) and sea cucumber in lantern nets and seaweed (Laminaria and Gracilaria) on long lines in the Alian Bay in Shandong province (China). TOP RIGHT, FIGURE 24. Aerial view of the Sanggou Bay in Shandong province, China (insert: close up of fish cages surrounded by seaweed and mollusk long lines). ABOVE, FIGURE 25. LEFT: Laminaria harvest. RIGHT: Seaweed farming on long lines in the Alian Bay in Shandong province (China).
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