WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2013 33 francisellosis and had considerably greater mortality and splenic bacterial concentrations compared to control fish and to fish maintained at 30° C. Moreover, increasing the water temperature from 25 to 30° C prevented the development of clinical signs and mortality in F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis challenged fish. Temperature significantly influences the development of francisellosis in tilapia, whereas salinity has no effect. This knowledge could potentially be applied in indoor cultured facilities or aquarium settings where the increase in temperature to selected tanks or systems is possible. In conclusion, a better understanding of the fish immune system, better culture practices, and greater effort in the creation of prophylaxis and therapeutic measures should be priorities for aquaculture. This is of utmost importance when dealing with a highly infectious agent that has gained mechanisms to escape or avoid the immune system. 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