WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2013 1 VOLUME 44, NUMBER 3 THE MAGAZINE OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY SEPTEMBER2013 W RLD AQUACULTURE BLUE BIOTECHNOLOGY IN CHINA
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WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2013 3 WORLD AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE WORLD AQUACULTURE magazine is published by the World Aquaculture Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. Tel: +1-225-578-3137; Fax: +1-225-578-3493; e-mail: carolm@was.org. World Aquaculture Society Home Page: www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2013-2014 Dr. Michael Schwarz, President Dr. Graham Mair, President-Elect Dr. Kevan Main, Past President Dr. Rebecca Lochmann, Secretary Dr. William Daniels, Treasurer DIRECTORS Dr. Jimmy Avery Dr. Juan Pablo Lazo Dr. Luís André Sampaio Dr. Sandra E. Shumway Dr. Francisco Gomes Mr. Roy Palmer CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Lukas Manomaitis, Asian Pacific Kevin Hopkins, USAS Antonio Garza de Yta, Latin America and Caribbean Ik-Kyo Chung, Korea HOME OFFICE STAFF Carol Mendoza, Director, carolm@was.org Judy E. Andrasko, Assistant Director, JudyA@was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF John Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum, Editor Linda Noble, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 Tel: +1-760-751-5005; Fax: +1-760-751-5003 e-mail: worldaqua@aol.com MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPONDENCE: Submit manuscripts as Microsoft Word files to Mary Nickum, Editor, World Aquaculture magazine. E-mail: mjnickum@gmail.com. Letters to the Editor or other comments should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, John Hargreaves at jhargreaves01@was.org. WORLD AQUACULTURE (ISSN Number 1041-5602) is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. Library subscriptions are $50 annually for United States addresses, and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $45; Individuals, $65; Corporations (for-profit), $255; Sustaining, $105 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals), $1,100; E-Membership, $10 (no publications, meeting discounts and not an active member in last five years). Periodicals Postage paid at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for a subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. ©2013, The World Aquaculture Society. ■ W RLD AQUACULTURE VOL. 44 NO. 3 SEPTEMBER 2013 Cover: Large-scale integrated polyculture in the Sanggou Bay near Rongcheng, Shandong Province, China 12 Gender and Change in Aquaculture: Insights from the Aquaculture Components of the Fourth Global Symposium on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries (1-3 May 2013, Yeosu, Korea) Meryl Williams 16 Aquaculture: the Blue Biotechnology of the Future Patrick Sorgeloos 27 Francisella, the “Stealth Pathogen” of Fish John P. Hawke and Esteban Soto 34 The Need for a Well-Defined Aquaculture Policy for India M. N. Kutty 39 The Return of the Otter—Implications for Pond Aquaculture in Austria Markus Böhm, Günther Gratzl and Christian Bauer 44 Activation Control of Fish Sperm Motility Jacky J. Cosson and Viktorya Dzyuba 50 ShellGIS: a Dynamic Tool for Shellfish Farm Site Selection Carter R. Newell, Anthony J. S. Hawkins, Kevin Morris, John Richardson, Chris Davis and Tessa Getchis 55 Achotines Laboratory: Captive Culture of Yellowfin Tuna for Research and Investigation Vernon P. Scholey, Daniel Margulies, Jeanne B. Wexler and Maria S. Stein 60 Oxidative Stress in European Seabass Larvae Mónica B. Betancor, Marisol Izquierdo and Mª José Caballero (CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 2)
4 SEPTEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG President’s Column An ancillary benefit from my almost exhaustive travels is a clear personal observation that global aquaculture activities, planning and development are accelerating on all fronts. Of course there are individual country and perhaps even regional exceptions, but we are clearly seeing private aquaculture investment on the rise, in synergy with increased government planning, support and investment. More importantly, we observe greater emphasis on proactive regulation and planning towards sustainable aquaculture development, bringing together various industry stakeholders to leverage expertise, capacity and support. Also on the rise is the integration of aquaculture with global geopolitical programming and activities. Aquaculture is realizing greater importance in geopolitical stability, particularly in domestic food safety and security, health, export earnings (GDP), employment, and associated socioeconomic benefits. Although these trends enhance the potential global expansion of aquaculture, they also incur increased challenges in doing so sustainably, in synergy with other sectors/stakeholders, and through utilization of the latest and most current technologies, practices and educational programming. One of the best ways to help address these increasing challenges is through improved communication. Throughout the world there are vast intellectual and educational resources in aquaculture across government, academic and private sectors. The World Aquaculture Society membership averages around 3,000 members, representing all of these sectors, but this represents only a small fraction of global expertise in aquaculture. Within the WAS organizational framework, there are mechanisms designed to integrate and bring together these additional resources. One of these important enabling mechanisms is the WAS Affiliations Committee. This committee (chaired by Dr. Juan Pablo Lazo Corvera) is charged to integrate WAS with external groups, societies and organizations around the world with activities and membership relevant to aquaculture. To assist in this integration, the WAS has developed individual terms of association or affiliation with each of the following entities: • AQUABIO • Aquaculture Association of Canada • Aquaculture Association of South Africa • Aquaculture without Frontiers • Asian Fisheries Society • China Society of Fisheries • Egyptian Aquaculture Society • European Aquaculture Society • IAFI - International Association of Seafood Professionals • Indonesian Aquaculture Society • Korean Society of Fisheries and Sciences (KOSFAS) • Malaysian Fisheries Society • Society of Aquaculture Professionals • Spanish Aquaculture Association Through individual agreements between each group and WAS, members of each affiliate have the opportunity to benefit from activities, resources, and contacts of other groups. Some examples of these benefits may include: attending annual meetings of other groups at discounted rates, reciprocal publication space in society magazines or newsletters, conducting joint sessions at each other’s annual or society meetings, developing joint symposia, and many other opportunities for information exchange and cooperation that enhance the effectiveness and reach of each organization. Through such relationships, the WAS helps facilitate global information exchange and exposure to the most current technologies, practices, and educational programming. In 2013 and 2014 we are planning joint presentations and/or sessions at the upcoming meetings of the Aquaculture Association (CONTINUED ON PAGE 8) Contents (continued) Society 2 President’s Column 3 Asian Pacific Chapter Report 4 Press Release: Positioning for Profit 7 Latin American and Caribbean Chapter Report 8 Korean Chapter Report 10 USAS Report 11 Editor’s Note 70 Calendar 72 Advertisers’ Index 72 Membership Application Joe Tomasso has been appointed the new Managing Editor for the World Aquaculture Society Book Program. The Society publishes timely information on aquaculture topics that is of interest to the aquaculture community. Anyone interested in writing or editing a book on such topics is encouraged to contact Joe at jt33@txstate.edu to begin a discussion of possibilities.
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2013 5 Summer is officially here and I am taking my annual leave again away from the warmth of Asia and am now on the colder shores of the northeast USA. I have been President of the APC for over two years and am well into my third year. I finally understand why most people in this position are older and usually without young children! That being said, I am working with our APC Board to finish up my term and have set a list of issues and targets for the remainder of my term (which concludes at the end of the Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2013). Elections for many new positions for the APC will be coming up soon. New APC board members are needed to replace quite a few of our current board members whose terms will end after APA2013. If you have an interest in volunteering your time to better regional aquaculture, please nominate yourself or have someone nominate you to apcwas@ was.org. If you are a dynamic person, we are a dynamic chapter. Join us! Starting in December, after the APA2013 event, our chapter will be led by Dr. Amrit Bart, Professor and Director of the Asian Institute of Technology (in Vietnam), a very good friend and someone with a long-time involvement with Asian and international aquaculture. At this point I am going to ask Amrit to add a few words here to discuss where he would like to lead APC in the next two years. Hopefully this will spur people to nominate themselves to APC Board positions and be active members, with Amrit in the lead. Thank you, Lukas, for giving me space to say a few words. Lukas has been one of the most dedicated and active WAS chapter presidents I have known. His ambitious goals have taken the APC into being one of the most dynamic and strongest (financially and programmatically) chapters in the WAS family and I only hope to continue to follow on the buzz he has created, starting this December. I will outline some of my vision for the APC for the coming two years in the next issue. I would like to take this opportunity to invite you to Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2013 in Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon, as the locals call it) from 10-13 December. As you may well know, Vietnamese aquaculture continues to go through turbulent periods (as it has from the start) as it finds its way to becoming the third most important producer of aquatic products globally. Despite great market, disease and financial challenges of the current era, Vietnam continues to meet its volume and financial targets. Although targets are met, benefits along the value chain are not shared equitably. There is a great deal to be learned from the Vietnamese experience in working towards resilient aquaculture globally. Please join us in sharing this experience. As Chair of the Steering Committee, I see the overwhelming support for this event from the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development and Gold, Silver and other event sponsors. The allocated exhibition booths filled so quickly that we were forced to request additional space to open more booths in the Saigon Exhibition Center. The program is coming along well with several innovative extra sessions and workshops on disease outbreak simulation, innovation in aquaculture education and manuscript writing. An exciting farmers’ day is planned to attract producers to the conference and exhibition from all over the country. We are also planning to take groups to visit aquaculture in the Mekong Delta and Ha Long (Pangasius, shrimp, oyster and tilapia farms). We are expecting and gearing up for a record number of participants from all over the world and hope to see you here. We are always looking for more volunteers for our chapter. There is much that could be done but can’t because as volunteers the APC Board can only devote so much time. Therefore, if you have an interest in becoming more active in aquaculture and want to expand your network, please contact us via our email and tell us of your interest to help regional aquaculture improve. If you are in the Asian region and not yet a member of the WAS or APC, contact us via our email and visit our website (www. was.org/APC). We know that processing the payment for WAS and APC membership can be difficult for some to accomplish. If that is the case for you, contact your APC Country Ambassador or Executive Advisory Council representative, who may be able to take a cash payment and process your membership with the WAS Home Office. We are looking forward to an eventful and an exciting final quarter of 2013 for the WAS and the Asian Pacific Chapter! —Lukas Manomaitis, President Asian Pacific Chapter CHAPTER REPORTS ABOVE: APA2013 Steering Committee Meeting in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, June 2013.
6 SEPTEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG “Positioning for Profit” is the theme of the Asian Pacific Aquaculture Conference and Trade Show scheduled from 10-13 December 2013 in Ho Chi Minh City. The conference emphasizes the need for aquaculture in all countries to take a more strategic approach to expansion. Simply producing product and getting locked into selling it as a commodity is not the path for expansion of aquaculture into the future. New approaches are needed in all areas of business, from governance to research, from harvesting to marketing, and from education through the value chain to the consumer. The conference is hosted by the Vietnamese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), organized by the Asian Pacific Chapter of World Aquaculture Society (WAS-APC), supported by RIA2 and AIT and sponsored by Uni-President (Gold), Biomin (Silver) and a number of special session sponsors, will have some unique features. A highlight will be the first appearance in Vietnam of Emeritus Professor David Hughes from Imperial College, London. Dr. Hughes is a marketing expert who, in addition to being the keynote speaker in the opening plenary, will conduct a workshop on seafood marketing. More information on other workshops will be posted at the WAS website (WAS.org). Dr. Pham Anh Tuan, Deputy Director General, MARD will also speak in the plenary session and will focus on the terrific progress that has been made in aquaculture by Vietnam and will Positioning for Profit also talk about the opportunities and challenges as the sector continues to build momentum. Lukas Manomaitis will preside over his last conference as President of the WAS Asian Pacific Chapter and will hand over the reins to the Conference Chairman and Director of AIT in Vietnam, Dr. Amrit Bart. Lukas and Amrit have a great affinity for Vietnam and are keen to ensure that this conference and trade show will be memorable, especially as it is the first WAS-APC event in Southeast Asia since 2009. As most people involved in aquaculture know, Vietnam is the third largest aquaculture producing country in the world and Ho Chi Minh City is the center of this growth. Much will be learned by those attending and engaging in all aspects of the event, including workshops and farm and industry tours. The 5th International Oyster Symposium is joining forces with the APA2013 conference, ensuring that there will be an exciting stream of oyster expertise engaging the great work done in recent years, which has seen production in northern Vietnam climb to over 7,000 mt in just five years. Unprecedented industry interest has seen conference organizers expand available space and additional trade booths have become available. Stay in touch with all developments for Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2013 through WAS.org. For trade show information, contact Mario Stael (mario@marevent.com). PRESS RELEASE
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2013 7 For More Information Contact: Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org December 10-13, 2013 Saigon Exhibition & Convention Centre Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Hosted by: Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development (MARD), Vietnam Featuring: 5th International Oyster Symposium (IOS5) World Oyster Society Asian-Pacific Aquaculture 2013 Gold Sponsor Silver Sponsor WAS Premier Sponsor Premier Sponsor Session Sponsors WAS Premier Sponsor
8 SEPTEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Villavicencio, Meta-Colombia October 8-11, 2013 XIX Journada de Acuicultura de la Universidad de los Llanos VI Foro Regional de Acuicultura. For more information contact: General Organizer Committe E-mail conference: eventosacuicultura2013@unillanos.edu.co E-mail exhibition: mario@marevent.com www.conferenciapecesnativos2013.com www.was.org Hosted by Supported by Organised by IV CONFERENCIA LATINOAMERICANA SOBRE CULTIVO DE PECES NATIVOS VI RIC E A M N A A ONITAL AICNEREFNOC Latin american & caribbean aquaculture VI RIC E A M N A A ONITAL AICNEREFNOC
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2013 9 Latin American and Caribbean Chapter The Latin American and Caribbean Aquaculture conference, LACQUA13, in Villavicencio, Colombia from 8 to 11 October is approaching quickly. We are looking forward to our first regional LACQUA event with lots of excitement because it will be the time to present the next steps to be followed by our chapter, which hopefully will contribute to consolidate our position in the region. We had elections during June and July. I want to congratulate Lorenzo Juarez for being chosen as the new President-Elect. I am sure that having Lorenzo as part of our chapter board will be extremely valuable because he is a Past-President of WAS and a WAS Fellow. I feel extremely lucky to be able to have his experienced advice for the duration of my term. I also want to acknowledge and congratulate Pablo Gonzalez Alanis, elected as Secretary, Helcio Marques, elected as Treasurer and Patricia Moraes Valenti, who was elected as a Board Director. The aforementioned and Marcelo Shei, Board Director, Maria Celia Portella, Past President and me will constitute the LACC Board of Directors and will represent you for the next two years. The next election will be next year; we will change one board member (Marcelo Shei) and will revise our bylaws. The recent election had a participation of around 20 percent of the Chapter membership; we are looking forward to having more involvement of the membership next year. Be assured that the current board will be very active and will try to serve the Chapter the best way possible to the extent of our capacities. I invite you take part in chapter activities, especially the ambassador program, which will be crucial to spread the word about the LACC in the region. In my next column for the magazine I will get into more detail about our plans. In October we will have our first board meeting and the highly anticipated results of the Red Acuicola de las Americas (RAA) meeting that has changed dates and sites but not importance. It is now taking place at the end of August in Santiago de Chile. So, think big, get involved and help us become the actual voice of the sector in the region. See you in Colombia. — Antonio Garza de Yta, President CHAPTER REPORTS LACQUA’13 The IV Conference of Latin America Native Fish Species Aquaculture, the Latin American and Caribbean Aquaculture (LACQUA´13), the XIX Aquaculture Day of the Universidad de los Llanos and the VI Aquaculture Forum in Villavicencio will bring together in Colombia aquaculture farmers, entrepreneurs and experts of the entire Latin American region and the World. The Conference of Latin American Native Fish Species Aquaculture on its 4th edition will be congregate fish farmers, entrepreneurs and experts of Latin America and the World. This event will allow participants to share scientific advances, latest technologies, research results as well as obtain an overview of the actual situation and challenges of the Latin American aquaculture. The organizing team, headed by the Universidad de los Llanos with the support of the Latin American and Caribbean Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society (LACC-WAS) expects more than 600 professionals of the aquaculture sector to be present in the meeting in Villavicencio. The participants will be able to attend several key note lectures offered by well renown experts from around the world, as well as exchange research ideas and analyze business options of an important array of worldwide companies that will be present. In this opportunity LACC-WAS will participate in the event presenting the event LACQUA. The World Aquaculture Society (WAS) organizes several events worldwide. LACQUA ´13 will be the first event of its type in the Latin American and the Caribbean region. “We have been working hard to bring presenters that could offer the participants a general overview of key subjects that need attention on the aquaculture sector. Some of these topics are physiology, nutrition, endocrinology and toxicology, as well as nutrition and feeding, genetics and breeding, aquatic health, animal welfare, water quality and sustainable production systems. This event will also focus on important topics for the productive sector as processing, value added process, marketing and associativity” commented the team of organizers from the Universidad de los Llanos. The organizing committee will like to invite all the aquaculturist of the region to participate in the series of activities that conform the event, which goal is to offer possible solutions to the problems that the sector is experiencing as well as to promote the sharing of knowledge on the culture of fish native species and other species of economic relevance as tilapia, trout, shrimp, among others. The deadline to submit an abstract for the event has been extended until the 29th of July. For more information and to register to participate please visit our webpage: www.was.org and www. conferenciapecesnativos2013.com.
10 SEPTEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Korean Chapter Every 10th of May is Marine Gardening Day Marine Gardening Day (aka Ocean Planting Day or Ocean Arbor Day) is a day established for planting seaweeds and marine plants in the ocean and has been established for the first time in the world by Korea. The Korean government designated every May 10 as Marine Gardening Day in the revised Fishery Resources Management Act to raise awareness about the importance of the marine ecosystem and how severe its destruction would be to humans. The world’s first Marine Gardening Day was marked by a ceremony in Woonjin Harbor in Seogwipo City, Jeju Island, with the theme of “gardening for a sea full of life.” Ms. Yoon, Jin-sook, Minister of Oceans and Fisheries, Mr. Woo, Guen-min, the Governor of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province and Mr. Yang, Tae-seon, President of the Korea Fisheries Resources Agency (FIRA), and various other fishery organizations participated in the ceremony. As WAS members may know, World Aquaculture 2015 will be held in Jeju Island, which is the first natural heritage site in Korea inscribed to the UNESCO’s World Heritage site list. The pristine mystery, natural beauty, and clean environment of the island attract visitors from all over the world (english.jeju.go.kr/index.php/contents/travel). Historically, the Korean government established an Arbor Day in the late 1940s to restore forests because they were devastated by excessive logging. The Arbor Day project was successfully conducted for more than 50 years and Korea now has rich forests once again. As a result, the official observation of Arbor Day ended in 2005. However, the theme is alive in the Korean people and it remains a habit to plant trees in April. By same token, the Ocean Arbor Day project has been implemented to restore marine forests. Because ocean resources are under severe stress, concerns were expressed that a Marine Gardening Day should be established to plant seaweeds and other marine plants to restore and enhance marine fisheries resources. With implementation of Marine Gardening Day, the significance of ocean devastation, like the whitening phenomenon currently proceeding in the oceans near Korea, and the importance of creating marine forests can be emphasized to the public. Marine forests, consisting of marine plants, especially kelps, provide products for human well-being and places for spawning and growth of marine animals. Moreover, by absorbing carbon dioxide, marine plants also reduce greenhouse gases and provide biomass for the production of clean bio-energy. Anyone can participate in Marine Gardening Day by constructing marine forests through planting seaweeds, collecting ocean wastes, and removing herbivorous marine animals, such as sea urchins. Currently marine forest creation is implemented by the Korea Fisheries Resources Agency (www.fira.or.kr) and the annual area created is about 700-800 ha, which is not sufficient considering the current rate of the quickly spreading whitening phenomenon. Therefore, using the launch of Marine Gardening Day by FIRA as a new opportunity, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries is planning to create and manage marine forests in a systematic and efficient way by setting marine forest creation as a key project of the FIRA. Establishing Marine Gardening Day has provided an opportunity for Korea to firmly establish its status as a leading global authority on ocean reforestation. (Reported by Dr. Hwang, Sun-Do, FIRA, sdhwang@fira.or.kr.) World Fisheries Day Reels in Some Big Participants Lee, Jong-koo, president of the Korean National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives and creator of the World Day of Fisheries Cooperation, attended a ceremony celebrating this special day in Surabaya, Indonesia. In 2010, as Head Commissioner of the Fisheries Commission under the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), Lee designated June 16 for an annual celebration of the World Day of Fisheries Cooperation. Since then, people involved in the fishing industry from all over the world have come together to discuss various issues regarding the business. Lee’s contributions to improving the international fishing industry extend beyond his foundation of the world day. (Posted at Korea JoongAng Daily by Park, Hye-Min, enational@joongang.co.kr) Pukyong National University Establishes the Global Fisheries Graduate School A special graduate school in the College of Fisheries Science trains global fisheries experts. Pukyong National University (PKNU) has established a Global Fisheries Graduate School to educate people in fisheries science and technology. This is the first time to create a fisheries-focused special graduate school in PKNU, which is known as one of the top domestic marine-fisheries science and technology fields. The graduate school will contribute to the improvement of fisheries by offering new information and knowledge to middlegrade fisheries technicians and managers who working in the field. The Global Fisheries Graduate School, belonging to the College of Fisheries Science in PKNU, offers a master course with five semesters. The program offers six areas of specialization: biotechnology industrial engineering, biological resources, food industrial science and engineering, aquaculture technology, fisheries production, and marine management policy. The number of students will be fixed at 24 and the school will recruit new students soon. In addition, PKNU will add an international Fisheries Science Cooperation Course to teach fisheries technology to developing country officials who are working in the field, so it will enhance the international cooperation base in order to secure fisheries resources. Around 60 people from 32 countries have attended the international Fisheries Science Cooperation Course since it was developed by PKNU and Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) in 2010. “We will train creative global fisheries experts through this graduate school with the continuous study of scientific theory and its application for utilizing technology development of international CHAPTER REPORTS
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2013 11 marine resources,” Prof. Jang, Young-Soo, the Dean of Global Fisheries Graduate School, said. (Posted at Pukyong Today; http:// blog.naver.com/mac1817/140191535899) 2013 KOICA PKNU, International Graduate Program of Fisheries Science Begins The Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) runs an International Graduate Program of Fisheries Science (GFS) with Pukyong National University (PKNU). Because Korea has unique experience in developing from one of the poorest countries in the world to one of the most economically advanced, this know-how is an invaluable asset that helps KOICA to efficiently support the sustainable socio-economic development of its partner countries. The fisheries and aquaculture industry have been growing especially fast. The objectives of GFS are to train fisheries specialists in various fields of fisheries science and contribute to the development of fisheries industries of participating countries and to facilitate cooperative relationship and expand networks between participating countries and Korea in fisheries science. The 2013 KOICA PKNU program begins in July 2013 for 14 months with twenty participants and is conducted in English. (Reported by AquaInfo, aquainfo@ aquainfo.co.kr, www.aquainfo.co.kr) BISFE2013, Korea’s Largest Seafood, Fisheries and Aquaculture Exposition Since 2009, the Busan International Seafood and Fisheries Exposition (BISFE) has been the largest international seafood and fisheries exposition in Korea. This year, it will be held from November 21-23 at BEXCO in Busan (www.bisfe.com). International events are buyer matching program and industrial tour. Seminars and events include the Busan international fishery ODA forum, a Fishery Science Association of Korea symposium, Korea maritime fisheries new intellectual association conference, HACCP seminar, aquaculture technology seminar, aquaculture industry job fair, a seafood promotion event and more. Contact information: Add. BEXCO Exhibition Team 1, 55 APEC-ro, Haeundaegu, Busan, South Korea (612-704); Tel. +82-51-740-7518; Fax. +8251-740-7360; email bisfe@bexco.co.kr, bisfekorea@gmail.com. During the BISFE2013, AquaInfo Co., Ltd. will hold their annual workshop conjointly with BISFE exhibition. The workshop topic this year is ‘introduction of rainbow trout seawater farming technology to Korean fish farms.’ For more information: AquaInfo Co., Ltd. Tel. +82-2-774-7751, email aquainfo@aquainfo.co.kr, website www.aquainfo.co.kr. Ministry, FAO to Jointly Open First Fisheries College The first fisheries college is expected to open in Korea as soon as 2015. The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries said that it will establish a special fisheries college, jointly with the Food and Agricultural Organization. The goal is to help developing countries achieve sustainable growth by promoting their fisheries industries, according to officials. The curricula will include fisheries policy, ocean resource management, sea farming skills and international governance. The target timeline is to open the school in the latter half of 2015. (Posted at The Korea Herald by tellme@heraldcorp.com) —Ik Kyo Chung, President Editor-in-Chief Sought for Journal of the World Aquaculture Society The World Aquaculture Society is seeking applications for Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. The WAS is seeking an individual with noteworthy experience in technical writing, editing and associated production of journals. The successful candidate should have strong subject-area knowledge of aquaculture acquired through an academic setting (teaching, research or outreach) or a broad base of production experience. This knowledge base is essential for making decisions on submitted papers and engaging with the academic and professional aquaculture community. The Editor-in-Chief will be responsible for all activities associated with publication of the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. The Editorin-Chief shall receive a base annual stipend with expectation of production of six journal issues per year. The amount of the base stipend will be periodically reviewed by the Board of Directors and adjusted as appropriate. The description of responsibilities associated with this position follows: • Publishing six (6) issues in the yearly volume Communicating with corresponding authors, Associate Editors and reviewers to coordinate peer-review of manuscripts • Recruiting Associate Editors to serve on the Editorial Board • Making final editorial decision on acceptability of manuscripts • Ensuring each issue is published on time • Communicating with copy and layout editors • Editing manuscripts and final copy to ensure proper format, grammar and style • Communicating with Wiley-Blackwell publishers • Prepares an annual journal budget including all income and expenses associated with production of the Journal • Prepares semi-annual reports for the WAS board on Journal publications Interested applicants must submit a copy of his/her vitae, a letter that addresses experience with and knowledge of aquaculture and documents all editorial experience and letters of recommendation. Applications should be submitted electronically to Dr. Jimmy Avery, Chair, WAS Journal Editor Search Committee (javery@drec.msstate.edu).
12 SEPTEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG of Canada and the Aquaculture Association of South Africa, a joint session with Aquaculture without Frontiers at APC 2013, a special session at World Aquaculture 2014, and a joint session with AQUABIO and LACC. We have also engaged as a Foundation Partner, the Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture (GFIA), which is scheduled for 3-5 February 2014. Global communication, collaborations, and programming require ongoing and consistent time and energies from all sides. To this end I am ever-thankful for the hard work and time commitments of all WAS Chapters, committees, and committee-members. If you have the time and energy to contribute to the WAS mission, please let any of the officers or board members know and we will gladly engage you as appropriate and best able. Our next scheduled conferences through 2014 include: • LACQUA’13: Villavicencio, Colombia, October 8-11 • ASIAN PACIFIC AQUACULTURE 2013: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, December 10-13 • AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2014: Seattle, Washington, USA, Februuary 9-12 • WORLD AQUACULTURE 2014: Adelaide, South Australia, June 7-11. Review your 2013-2014 travel agendas and make room to attend these conferences if you are able. The ASIAN PACIFIC AQUACULTURE 2013 will also serve as the mid-year WAS Board meeting. With appreciation to a detail-oriented reader of World Aquaculture, my column in the June issue contained an error in the membership table, suggesting that we experienced a tremendous attrition rate of our Lifetime members between 2011 and 2012. I am happy to report that indeed our Lifetime Members are alive and well, and that the incorrect number resulted from an error in spreadsheet formatting. (Specifically, the number of Lifetime Members at the May 2011 meeting in Natal was 53 rather than the reported 282.). So, with thanks to the very observant reader, my apologies for the incorrect data, and let’s remember to “eat more seafood” so that we continue to retain our Lifetime Members, as well as those in other membership categories. —Michael Schwarz, President President’s Column, continued from page 2 “Summertime … catfish are jumping” but livin’ ain’t easy! Early morning dissolved oxygen checks, algae blooms, and keeping feeders full while watching feed prices continue to soar. Such is the life of many of our fish farmers. While we look to a future of intensive systems and other advanced technologies, we often forget that most aquaculture production comes from ponds operated by farmers. Commercial farming of fish, livestock, or vegetables is not glamorous. It is hard work with uncertain financial returns. I am more than pleased to see the increasing interest in backyard aquaponics and other small-scale systems. They can make an important addition to our food supply. But we need to focus most of our attention on making our commercial aquaculture farmers economically viable if we are going to reduce our reliance on imports of aquaculture products. When you are working 12+ hour days during the heat of summer, the last thing you want to read is another request for help. But USAS needs your help. We are a volunteer organization. Our officers, committee members and other volunteers do not get paid in cash. But there are benefits to volunteering! One can learn an enormous amount about our industry and, by combining your voice with other members, have a positive impact on government programs that will affect the future of our industry. Luckily for us, aquaculture managers in USDA, NOAA and FDA actively ask for input into their plans. We often might feel overwhelmed by the requests for input (there have been at least three requests in the last couple of months), but it is extremely important to respond to as many as you can. In addition to giving your professional U.S. Aquaculture Society affiliation, mention that you are a member of USAS. And lastly re: volunteering, now is the time that we are putting together our nominations for Board members and officers. Step up and let us know that you are willing to help. Email me at Hopkins@ hawaii.edu and I will pass your name on to the elections committee. Aquaculture certification has been on my mind lately. As Barry Costa-Pierce stated in a recent article, the multiplicity and cross-over of certification programs causes considerable confusion and the benefits are often not passed down to farmers (but the costs of certification are!). Although there is a significant population that will pay a premium for certified product, the vast majority of consumers do not look for certification. Does that mean we do not certify? No, but I suggest that certification be looked at from a different perspective. We should consider certifications that serve the needs of the farms, farmers and the industry, not just the consumer. Regulators are becoming more and more demanding but do not have the resources to properly implement those regulations. We need to self-regulate like many other professional groups. I am not saying that we immediately try to implement an ISO9001 system but USAS needs to start the process so that we can eventually self-regulate. Otherwise, well meaning, but untrained and overworked government regulators will do it for us. A first step in this process may be to develop certification programs for aquaculture managers in cooperation with universities and community colleges. — Kevin Hopkins, President CHAPTER REPORTS
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2013 13 Editor’s Note Lester Brown, President of the Earth Policy Institute and editor of the well-regarded State of the World yearbook series, published an article in July claiming that “the real threat to our future is peak water.” Peak water refers to limitations on the availability and use of finite freshwater resources in specific locations and is described by a characteristic bell-shaped curve. Although there has been widespread media coverage of peak oil, less attention has been devoted to peak water, which Brown believes may be upon us. The concept of peak water was elaborated in a seminal paper by Peter Gleick and Meena Palaniappan and published in PNAS in 2010. They define three classes of peak water. Peak renewable water occurs when water flow constraints limit total water availability over time. Most water used in agriculture and freshwater aquaculture is derived from diversions of surface flow, which is continuously renewed in the water cycle. Peak nonrenewable water occurs where production or withdrawals exceeds natural recharge rates of groundwater aquifers. It is characterized by an increase in supply to a peak, followed by a decline as the aquifer is depleted. This is the form of peak water referred to by Brown. Finally Gleick and Palaniappan identify a third type of peak water, peak ecological water, where total costs of ecological disruptions and damages exceeds the total value to humans of uses of that water. In countries that are highly dependent on groundwater for irrigation, constraints on water availability have led to declines in grain production, especially in the Middle East. Although food can be grown without oil, there is no substitute for water. Of course, water is an obvious and essential requirement for aquaculture. Brown focuses on large reservoirs of so-called “fossil” groundwater supplies in aquifers that recharge at a slow rate and that are effectively mined as a non-renewable resource. The three countries – China, India, and the USA – that produce half the world’s grain are among the 18 countries that are overpumping groundwater aquifers. The dependence on groundwater among the major grain-producing countries is variable. In China, 80 percent of grain is produced on irrigated land, but most is produced using surface water. The aquifer beneath the North China Plain has been severely overpumped. India is more dependent and thus more vulnerable to overpumping of groundwater aquifers. About 60 percent of grain is produced on irrigated land in India, but nearly all irrigation water is groundwater. Weak regulation of well drilling and aquifer overpumping represents a serious threat to food security in India. In the US, the area of irrigated grain production in the western Great Plains has declined as a result of overpumping of the Ogallala aquifer. Globally, aquifers are being overpumped in 18 countries containing half the world’s population. Rice is the main grain crop irrigated with groundwater, especially in China and India. Consumptive water use in rice farming is similar to that of conventional freshwater pond aquaculture as practiced in the main rice-growing countries. Of course, the area of rice farming dwarfs that of pond aquaculture. Nonetheless, these areas often overlap and constraints on the supply of water for rice farming will likely extend to pond aquaculture. Given that most farmed fish are produced in freshwater ponds, it seems possible that future expansion of freshwater pond aquaculture will be limited in areas where there are multiple competing interests for groundwater, acutely so in areas where pond aquaculture is based on nonrenewable fossil groundwater. Perhaps of greater concern in the long run is the effect of peak water on the production, price and availability of grains for animal feeds, including aquafeeds. Rice bran is widely used direct pond input and is incorporated into aquafeeds where available. Most wheat, corn, and soybeans are produced as rain-fed crops, although the area of irrigated corn is expanding. Thus, it seems that the supply of the main ingredients of aquafeeds is safe, at least for now, although peak water could be one of many factors that constrain grain production going forward. All of this discussion refers specifically to freshwater aquaculture, arguably the most important part of aquaculture because many millions of people, especially in Asia, are dependent on fish from aquaculture as their main protein source. As eloquently laid out by Patrick Sorgeloos in a feature article in this issue of World Aquaculture, this is an example of ‘food aquaculture.’ In part on the basis of future limitations on the availability of freshwater, Patrick argues for concerted development of the marine environment for aquaculture. We are not there yet, although peak water in some areas could push culture activities into the marine environment. Beyond the marine environment, we should be looking to develop more pond aquaculture in marginal lands, such as those with saline soils, and use ‘degraded’ water, such as irrigation tailwaters. The robust pond aquaculture sector for tilapia in Egypt is an excellent example of this. We also need to make the case for aquaculture as a first use of groundwater allocated to agriculture. Perhaps biosecurity is the most compelling argument for first use of groundwater. In any case, water use rights are complicated and allocation is highly politicized, so rational, science-based arguments are unlikely to determine making water policy. Although peak water has not yet had a demonstrable effect on the expansion of aquaculture, it seems likely that it will in some places in the future. Aquaculture will need to become a more efficient user of fresh water if it is to remain viable or expand in areas where food security is put in jeopardy as a consequence of peak water. — John A. Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Will “Peak Water” Mean Peak Aquaculture?
14 SEPTEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Modernization and mechanization, globalization and environmental disasters are changes that destroy and create jobs and livelihoods, shift working spaces, and bring greater overlaps in women’s and men’s roles in farming, households, factories and the market place. “Gender in aquaculture and fisheries studies, therefore, is increasingly addressing these changes and how women and men are affected by them,” said Dr. Nikita Gopal who led the Program Committee that organized this highly energetic and successful event. This report highlights the aquaculture papers and discussions from the three days of GAF4, 1-3 May 2013, in Yeosu, Korea as part of the 10th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum. This symposium was the 6th of the women/gender in fisheries/ aquaculture events held by the Asian Fisheries Society (AFS) over the last 15 years1, and it was considered the most successful. The GAF4 full report is available at genderaquafish.org/gaf4-2013-yeosukorea/. GAF4 held a special session in honor of Dr. M.C. Nandeesha, sponsored by the AquaFish-CRSP and dedicated to his life and work. Dr. Nandeesha established the AFS program on gender in aquaculture and fisheries and was also a former Director of WAS. Kumi Soejima (Japan) was awarded the AquaFish-CRSP Best Paper prize for her paper “Changes in the Roles of Women and Elderly Persons within Oyster Aquaculture in Japan.” The AquaFish-CRSP Best Student Paper prize was won by Piyashi Deb Roy (India) for her paper (with R. Jayaraman, M. Krishnan and K. Criddle) “Importance of Mangrove Conservation and Valuation to Women — A Case Study of Pichavaram Mangroves in India.” GAF4 was supported by the Asian Fisheries Society, grants from the AquaFish Cooperative Research Support Program of the USA (AquaFish CRSP), the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD), the Indian Council for Agricultural Gender and Change in Aquaculture: Insights from the Aquaculture Components of the Fourth Global Symposium on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries (1-3 May 2013, Yeosu, Korea) Meryl Williams Research, the Network for Aquaculture Centres in AsiaPacific (NACA), the Korean local organizing committee for the 10th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum and the home agencies of the many presenters and participants. Constant Change: The Gendered Impacts of Aquaculture Sector Change Fish production, processing and trade are all changing, interacting with women’s and men’s lives and their business decisions, often in surprising ways. Norwegian aquaculture, especially salmon farming, is one of the world’s greatest aquaculture success stories. In Norway in 2005, farmed fish production overtook wild-capture fish production, largely due to increased efficiency in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) production. The impacts of this success on people, including women and families owning small enterprises, have been overlooked. Since 1990, Bodil Maal (Norway) reported that salmon production had increased by 600 percent but this was a nearly jobless growth as it was accompanied by a per employee production increase of 450 percent. Between 1990 and 2012, women’s employment in the Norwegian salmon industry dropped from 20 percent to 9 percent, mainly because of the concentration of farm ownership and the centralization and heavy mechanization of operations that decimated family farms and reduced local community ownership. More than half the current production is done by just six stock-exchange listed companies. In addition to market concentration, climate and environment are other sources of change with gendered outcomes in aquaculture. For example, from their studies in Pata Regency (known as “milkfish town”) in Central Java, Indonesia, Fitri Majid and her colleagues Indah Fitri Purwanti and Indah Susilowati reported that farm productivity is declining already from the impacts of climate change, especially erratic rain, rising sea
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2013 15 (CONTINUED ON PAGE 14) levels and reduced salinity. Farmers are aware of the changes and ongoing research is being targeted at involving the whole family unit in finding solutions for mitigation and adaptation, both in fish farming and non-farming activities, such as making batik. More women tend to work in fish processing and trade than in other parts of the fish supply chain and changes in these parts of the supply chain, of minor and major magnitude, bring about gendered change. In Japan’s oyster industry, young and elderly local women and elderly men have long supplied most of the labor for oyster shucking and this has kept small family farms viable, especially in the main farming area around the Seto Inland Sea. But the industry is now undergoing many changes. Kumi Soejima’s prizewinning case study in Oku town, Okayama Prefecture showed how the small change of allowing enterprises to bring in young Chinese women had far reaching positive and negative impacts. Many local young women and elderly people lost the jobs that gave them a sense of purpose. The oyster businesses tended to take different pathways. Some stagnated when they stayed with tradition and others grew and diversified their oyster products. Some women in oyster-farming families, once freed from the shucking labor, became more active and entrepreneurial in family enterprises. Among the massive changes in the Japanese oyster industry, the gender changes are significant, complex but little studied and remedial action to assist those affected, especially the elderly, are not happening. Major aquaculture developments such as shrimp farming also generate major post-harvest processing enterprises. Mohammad Nuruzzaman examined the social justice issues and rights of 50,000 workers (80 percent of them women) in 90 shrimp and prawn processing factories in Bangladesh. The processing sector has been subjected to local and international protests over labor and human rights issues. To overcome these problems and spurred by EU and US trade sanctions, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) partnered with the Bangladesh government and export companies in developing manuals, training on labor laws and their implementation, assessing compliance and finding out more about conditions of workers. Although progress is being made, much more is needed. Many top executives are not yet on board and much of the processing is done by contract labor because product flow is not constant. Men continue to fare better than women in the workplace. New trade unions show modest promise of redressing female and male workers’ injustices in fish processing workplaces. However, the export sector is under pressure to keep costs low to remain profitable and so existing pressures on the labor force will continue and likely escalate. However, different parties see women’s labor conditions in different lights and, to illustrate this, Nuruzzaman presented three viewpoints — the patriarchal, the feminist and the neutral views (see table at right). Each of these views has a degree of truth but each also misses key points. A Great Diversity of Gender Assets and Roles To illustrate the great heterogeneity of spaces, assets and roles in aquaculture, presentations from India, Malaysia, Philippines, and Nepal explored these, particularly for women. The Indian oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis) seems to have good potential for culture based on natural spatfall. A project in the coastal community of Moothakunnam in Ernakulam District, Kerala, by Femeena Hassan and colleagues worked with women’s Self Help Groups (SHG) to test socio-technical extension. The district has a high ratio of women to men but many women are not involved in the economy directly. The SHG’s were trained in rack and string (ren) culture farming, the techniques and importance of depuration and hygienic post-harvest processing, including value-added and long-life products. The enterprises were profitable but, as they become more successful, will women still be able to retain control? At GAF3, Ramchandran reported that success with women’s culture of mussels in Kerala resulted in the takeover of many sites by men and women found that their rights were not protected. In Malaysia, Zumilah Zainallaluddin and her colleagues explored wives’ and husbands’ perceptions of their roles and responsibilities in pond and cage aquaculture enterprises in Kuala Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia. Spouses tended to carry the same views on who did what at home, but held different views with respect to aquaculture roles. Up to 22 percent of women reported contributions to cage and pond culture activities but only one husband (out of 51) recognized his wife’s work in the cage culture activities and none recognized the women’s contributions in pond culture. Sunila Rai reported on polyculture of carp and small indigeneous species (SIS) taken up by women farmers involved in projects, predominantly of the Tharu ethnic group from the foothills of the Himalayas. The SIS (14 percent of production) were grown mainly for household consumption because of their high vitamin A and iron levels and the six species of carp for sale. Biotechnical problems had to be solved early in the project in Chitwan and Kailali districts. Impact studies found that farmers consumed nearly half their production, making their fish consumption about twice the national average. In addition Patriarchs’ View • Jobs have been created • Status of workers has escalated both in the family and in society • Thousands of other people are still unemployed • The workers can enjoy their spending • The workers take part in decision making in their families Feminist’s View • Women experience strong discrimination • Women are deprived of rights & benefits • Gender opportunities are unequal • Violence is happening against women at work Neutral View • Women’s practical gender needs are being met • Good work space is created • The understanding of strategic gender needs is increasing Source: Md. Nuruzzaman
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