WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 35 EEC) and Environmental Impact Assessment Directive and its amendment (85/337/EEC and 97/11/EC; Streftaris et al. 2005). EU regulations define a procedure for the establishment at the national level of a system of permits for all new species introduced for aquaculture. Under the proposed measures, all projects intending to introduce a non-native species into an area for aquaculture must be submitted for approval to a national advisory committee. An environmental risk assessment (ERA) would be required. Only projects that are judged to be low risk would be granted a permit. If the risk was considered to be medium or high, the advisory committee would enter into dialogue with the applicant to see whether adequate mitigation procedures or technologies to reduce risk to an adequately low level were available (ICES 2006). Escapes from conventional aquaculture have been controversial and several ethical issues have become evident. The introduction and escape of non-native species cause largely unknown effects on the natural environment and wild fish stocks and/or fisheries. The social acceptability and sustainability of Mediterranean aquaculture is closely interlinked with the reduction of escapes and associated environmental impacts. Notes 1 Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080-Alicante, Spain. psanchez@ua.es Acknowledgments Present study has been financed by the EU-project PreventEscape (Project number: 226885 www.preventescape.eu) and FATFISH project, funded by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CTM2009-14362-CO2-01). References Asociación Empresarial de Productores de Cultivos Marinos de España (APROMAR). 2011. La acuicultura marina en España. 83 pp. www.apromar.es Bonhomme, F. 2007. Under which condition should we be afraid of the genetic consequences of escapees in the marine world? Impact of mariculture on coastal ecosystems. 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