WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 49 fish-producing facilities but also as important sinks for nutrients and as effective natural biofilters and digestors of various organic wastes. Nevertheless, pond harvesting represents a potential risk to receiving waters from the discharge of water with considerably increased amounts of suspended solids and nutrients during pond drawdown and fish harvest. Future research should focus on these issues, with the aim of elucidating the role of various farming and harvesting techniques and of the measures available for reducing the impact of increased nutrient loads from sediment discharges during harvesting operations. Acknowledgments The study was supported by the South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Grant No. CENAKVA CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0024, and through the projects GA JU 047/2010/Z (University of South Bohemia) and VaV SP/2e7/73/08 of the Czech Ministry of Environment. Notes 1 Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic, e-mail: lucka.kocanda@seznam.cz 2 University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters , South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses and Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/ II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic, *corresponding author, email: adamek@ivb.cz 3 Water Research Institute TGM, Mojmírovo náměstí 16, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic References Adámek, Z. and B. Maršálek. 2012. Bioturbation of sediments by benthic macroinvertebrates and fish and its implication for pond ecosystems: a review. Aquaculture International 21:1-17. Adámek, Z., O. Linhart, M.,Kratochvíl, M.,Flajšhans, T. Randák, T. Policar and P. Kozák. 2012. Aquaculture in the Czech Republic in 2012: A prosperous and modern sector based on a thousandyear history of pond culture. World Aquaculture 43(2):2027, 68. Davies, C. M., K. Sakadevan and H. J. Bavor. 2001. Removal of stormwaterassociated nutrients and bacteria in constructed wetland and water pollution control pond systems. Pages 483–495. In: J. Vymazal, editor. Workshop on Nutrient Cycling and Retention in Natural and Constructed Wetlands III; Trebon, Czech Republic. Drabiński, A., B. Jawecki and K. Tokarczyk-Dorociak. 2010. The role of carp fish ponds in the water management of the river basins. Pages 24-29. In: M. Ciesla and M. Kuczynski, (editors). Multifunctionality in Pond Aquaculture in Poland. Perspectives and Prospects. SGGW, Warszawa, Poland. Gergel, J. and A. Kratochvil. 1984. Teiche dienen nicht nur der Fischproduktion. Zeitschrift für Binnenfischerei der DDR 31(5):149-154. Kainz, E. 1985. Zur Auswirkung von Karpfenteichabflussen auf die Wasserqualität vor Vorflutern. Österreichs Fischerei 38(4):88-96. Knösche, R. K., K. Schreckenbach, M. Pfeifer and H. Weissenbach. 2000. Balances of phosphorus and nitrogen in carp ponds. Fisheries Management and Ecology 7:15-22. Kuczyński, M., B. Kolasa-Jamińska, S. Lewkowicz and M. Pilarczyk. 2003. Production of the two-years old carp in ponds supplied with biologically pre-treated municipal sewage. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Seria Piscaria 2(1):159-168. Mlejnková, H. and K. Horáková. 2009. Vliv aplikace statkových hnojiv na fekální znečištění rybníků. [Effect of manuring upon faecal pollution of fish ponds.] Vodní hospodářství 59(6):11-14. [In Czech] Oláh, J., P. Szabó, A. A. Esteky and S. A. Nezami. 1994. Nitrogen processing and retention in Hungarian carp farm. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 10:335-340. Roberts, J., A. Chick, L. Oswald and R. Thompson. 1995. Effect of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., an exotic benthivorous fish, on aquatic plants and water quality in experimental ponds. Marine and Freshwater Research 46:1171-1180. TOP, FIGURE 6. Bacteriological determinants of water quality in the inlet and outlet of the SIB pond during the growing season. BOTTOM, FIGURE 7. Average values of saprobic index indicating water quality improvement in the KUR, SIB and NES ponds supplied with poor quality water from wastewater treatment plants but its deterioration in the VRK pond supplied with clean river water. The figures with an asterisk denote the 2009 fish yield (kg/ha).
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