WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2014 45 nighttime dissolved oxygen concentration. Winter Kill. Fertilization often is not an acceptable practice in areas where ponds freeze over for long periods in winter. Organic matter resulting from increased phytoplankton production decomposes under the ice, consuming dissolved oxygen and causing fish kills. Conclusions Ponds with total alkalinity below about 40 mg/L should be limed to assure good response to fertilizer. Ponds often should be fertilized at a rate of 6 kg N and 3 kg P2O5/ha per application based on the abundance of plankton as assessed by Secchi disk visibility. However, the amount of fertilizer needed will vary with the availability of nutrients from watersheds, calcium concentration in ponds, and hydraulic flushing rate. Turbidity from suspended soil particles and aquatic macrophyte infestations must be controlled for effective pond fertilization. Notes Claude E. Boyd, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Alabama 36849 USA References Boyd, C.A., P. Pengseng and C.E. Boyd. 2008. New nitrogen fertilization recommendations for bluegill ponds in the southeastern United States. North American Journal of Aquaculture 70:308-313. Boyd, C.E. 1974. Lime requirements of Alabama fish ponds. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 459, Auburn University, Alabama, USA. Boyd, C.E. 1976. Water chemistry and plankton in unfertilized ponds in pastures and in woods. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105:634-636. Boyd, C.E. 1979. Aluminum sulfate (alum) for precipitating clay turbidity from fish ponds. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108:307-313. Boyd, C.E. 1981. Solubility of granular inorganic fertilizers for fish ponds. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 110:451454. Boyd, C.E. 1990. Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Alabama, USA. Boyd, C.E. and W.D. Hollerman. 1981. Methods of applying liquid fertilizers to fish ponds. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 35:525-530. Boyd, C.E., J.W. Preacher and L. Justice. 1978. Hardness, alkalinity, pH, and pond fertilization. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 107:605-611. Kastner, R.J. and C.E. Boyd. 1996. Production of sunfish (Lepomis spp.) in ponds treated with controlled-release fertilizers. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 27:228-234. Lawrence, J.M. 1954. A new method of applying inorganic fertilizer to farm fishponds. Progressive Fish-Culturist 16:176-178. Mandel, B.K. and C.E. Boyd. 1980. The reduction of pH in water of high total alkalinity and low total hardness. Progressive FishCulturist 42:183-185. Metzger, R.J. and C.E. Boyd. 1980. Liquid ammonium polyphosphate as a fish pond fertilizer. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109:563-570. Murad, A. and C.E. Boyd. 1987. Experiments on fertilization of sportfish ponds. Progressive Fish-Culturist 49:100-107. Pillai, V.K. and C.E. Boyd. 1985. A simple method for calculating liming rates for fish ponds. Aquaculture 46:157-162. Rushton, Y.G. and C.E. Boyd. 2000. A comparison of water-soluble fertilizer with liquid fertilizer for sportfish pond fertilization. North American Journal of Aquaculture 62:212-218. Silapajarn, K., C.E. Boyd and O. Silapajarn. 2004. An improved method for determining the fineness value of agricultural limestone for aquaculture. North American Journal of Aquaculture 66:113-118. Smith E.V. and H.S. Swingle. 1938. The relationship between plankton production and fish production in ponds. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 68:309-315. Smith, S.V., W.H. Renwick, J.D. Bartley and R.W. Buddemeier. 2002. Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape. The Science of the Total Environment 299:21-36. Swingle, H.S. 1947. Experiments on pond fertilization. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 264, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama, USA. Swingle, H.S. and E.V. Smith. 1938. Fertilizers for increasing the natural food for fish in ponds. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 68:126-135. Swingle, H.S. and E.V. Smith. 1939. Fish production in terracewater ponds in Alabama. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 69:101-105. Swingle, H.S. and E.V. Smith. 1947. Management of farm fish ponds. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama, USA. Swingle, H.S., B.C. Gooch, and H.R. Rabanal. 1963. Phosphate fertilization of ponds. Proceedings Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 17:213-218. Tepe, Y. and C.E. Boyd. 2001. A sodium nitrate-based, watersoluble fertilizer for sportfish ponds. North American Journal of Aquaculture 63:328-332. Thomaston, W.W. and H.D. Zeller. 1961. Results of a six-year investigation of chemical soil and water analysis and lime treatment in Georgia fish ponds. Proceedings Annual Conference Southeastern Association Game and Fish Commissioners 15:236245. Viriyatum, R. and C.E. Boyd. 2011. Re-evaluation of potassium fertilization of bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 42:332-338. Wudtisin, W. and C.E. Boyd. 2005. Determination of the phosphorus fertilization rate for bluegill ponds using regression analysis. Aquaculture Research 36:593-599. Yuvanatemiya, V. and C.E. Boyd. 2006. Physical and chemical changes in aquaculture pond bottom soil resulting from sediment removal. Aquacultural Engineering 35:199-205.
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