WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2014 17 prior to the mid-1970s, became commonplace by the early 1980s. Feeding and aeration allowed large increases in stocking densities, feeding rates, and productivity but revealed other limitations and inefficiencies of large, static ponds as fish culture systems. The 1980s were also a time of increasing awareness of the environmental impacts of aquaculture and the need to develop more sustainable cultural practices. In short, the time was ripe for innovation. Meanwhile, as interest in aquaculture grew, new opportunities attracted students and scientists with diverse backgrounds and expertise, bringing unique perspectives on problems and potential solutions. The partitioned pond concept evolved over 30 years, driven by investigators with differing goals and objectives. Early partitioned ponds in Arkansas and newer split-ponds were developed to facilitate fish management. In contrast, PAS development was initially driven by the need to reduce aquaculture waste discharge. The common element in these divergent goals was the desire to gain control over the production system. And the common solution to controlling the ecosystem was to divide the pond into smaller sections so that various functions (fish confinement, culture of secondary species, waste treatment, and so on) were optimized or more easily managed. As such, partitioned ponds were developed by different people with different goals and perspectives, but the shared driver of innovation—the desire to achieve better control of the ecosystem—resulted in new systems that inevitably shared common functions and design features. Notes Craig S. Tucker, USDA-ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA. craig.tucker@ars. usda.gov David E. Brune, Agricultural Systems Management, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA. bruned@missouri.edu E.L. 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