WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2014 37 animal feeds, including aquafeeds, have been identified as offering the most promise in a reasonable time frame (Winberg et al. 2009). Global seaweed production has increased greatly in recent years, as have the by-products and co-products derived from them. Acknowledgments The authors thank Professor Xiaoxu Li, Aquaculture Programme, SARDI Aquatic Sciences for constructive comments that helped improve this manuscript. Mr. S. Clarke, Science Initiatives, SARDI Aquatic Sciences is thanked for photographs used in Figure 5. Notes Sasi Nayar* and Kriston Bott Algal Production Group, South Australian Research and Development Institute – Aquatic Sciences, PO Box 120, Henley Beach, SA 5022, Australia * Corresponding author: sasi.nayar@sa.gov.au 1 Vannuccini, S., Fishery Statistician (Commodities), FAO FIPS (Statistics and Information Service of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department) on 23 March 2013 FAO, pers. comm. References Bixler, H.J. and H. Porse. 2011. A decade of change in seaweed hydrocolloids industry. Journal of Applied Phycology 23: 321335. Buchholz, C.M., G. Krause and B.H. Buck. 2012. Seaweed and man. Pages 471-493 In: C. Wiencke and K. Bischof, editors. Seaweed Biology – Ecological studies, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Cardozo, K.H.M., T. Guaratini, M.P. Barros, V.R. Falcao, A.P. Tonon, N.P. Lopes, S. Campos, M.A. Torres, A.O. Souza, P. Colepicolo and E. Pinto. 2007. Metabolites from algae with economical impact. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology 146:60-78. Chopin, T., A.H. Buschmann, C. Halling, M. Troell, N. Kautsky, A.Neori, G.P. Kraemer, J.A. Zertuche-Gonzalez, C. Yarish, and C. Neefus. 2001. Integrating seaweeds into marine aquaculture systems: A key towards sustainability. Journal of Phycology 37:975-986. Chopin, T., S.M.C. Robinson, M. Troell, A. Neori, A.H. Buschmann and J. Fang. 2008. Multitrophic integration for sustainable marine aquaculture. Pages 2463-2475. In: E.E. Jorgensen and B.D. Faith, editors. Encyclopedia of Ecology, Vol. 3, Ecological Engineering, Elsevier, Oxford. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations). 2010. The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture 2010. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e00.htm FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations). 2011. FAO Yearbook - Fisheries and aquaculture statistics 2009. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. ftp.fao.org/FI/CDrom/CD_yearbook_2009/index.htm FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations). 2012. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e00.htm Hanisak, M.D. 1998. Seaweed cultivation: global trends. World Aquaculture 29:18-21. Holdt, S.L. and S. Kraan. 2011. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. Journal of Applied Phycology 23:543-597. Infofish International. 2011. Commodity update: seaweed. InfoFish International 5/2011: 22-23. Klinc, B., S. Cirik, G. Turan, H. Tekgul and E. Koru. 2013. Seaweeds for food and industrial applications. Pages 735-748 In: I. Muzzalupo, editor, Food Industry, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia. www.intechopen.com/books/food-industry Lee, B. 2008. Seaweed - Potential as a marine vegetable and other opportunities. Pages 34. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) Publication no. 08/009, Kingston, ACT, Australia. rirdc.infoservices.com.au/ downloads/08-009 McHugh, D. 2003. A Guide to the Seaweed Industry. FAO Technical Paper 441.Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4765e/ y4765e00.htm Wikfors, G.H. and M. Ohno. 2001. Impact of algal research in aquaculture. Journal of Phycology 37:968-974. Winberg, P. C., D. Ghosh, and L.Tapsell. 2009. Seaweed culture in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture: Nutritional benefits and systems for Australia. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) Publication no. 09/005, Kingston, ACT, Australia. rirdc.infoservices.com.au/ items/09-005 Zemke-White, W.L. and M. Ohno. 1999. World seaweed utilisation: An end-of-century summary. Journal of Applied Phycology 11:369-376. Even with seaweed aquaculture growing rapidly over the last decade, global demand for seaweed-based products has surpassed supply. There is a large and diverse array of applications and uses of macroalgal products. The seaweed industry is estimated to have an annual value of some US$6 billion, the largest share of which (US$5 billion) is human food products. The remaining US$1 billion is largely based on seaweed extracts, such as hydrocolloids for use in animal feeds, fertilizers and bioactives.
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