WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2014 63 feasible only in regions where climatic conditions are suitable. Fungi. Aspergillus sp., Penecillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Scytalidium sp., Trichoderma sp., and yeast (Candida sp., Saccharomyces cerevicae) may give promising result in aquaculture. Fungal oil extract is a superior alternative source of essential fatty acid such as DHA, EPA and ARA, which are required in larval feeds and broodstock diets (Harel et al. 2002). Fungal proteins contain high methionine and lysine content. Fungal protein can be used to enrich algal and bacterial proteins, which usually have low methionine content. It is also a rich source of B-complex vitamins. Bacteria. Bacterial SCP is high in protein (around 80 percent of total dry weight) and certain essential amino acids. Bacillus mergaterium, B. sustilis, Streptococcus faecium, Streptomyces sp., Thermomonospora sp. and Lactobacillus sp. have positive effects in aquaculture (Selvakumar et al. 2013). Nutritional Value of SCP Single-cell protein from bacteria and fungi are sources of almost all essential amino acids, which may not be available in plant derivatives. Amino-nitrogen represents 70-80 percent of the total nitrogen of microbial cells. Algae contains a rich amount of fat and various vitamins like A, B, C, D and E. Bacillus species have carotenoid pigments with antioxidant properties. Algae contain β-carotene, tocopherols, and B vitamins. Yeasts also contain B vitamins, but filamentous fungi have poor vitamin content. The nutritional values of microorganisms are given in Table 1. Importance of SCP in Aquaculture In addition to serving as an alternative protein source for aquafeeds, SCP also acts as an immunostimulant and probiotic, substantially improving growth, health, disease resistance and immune system of cultured organisms. The use of probiotics is one of the best approaches to regulate disease occurrence in intensive aquaculture (Ige 2013). Lactobacillus (gram positive bacteria) as a probiotic has become an alternative to antibiotics among disease control strategies in aquaculture (Kolndadacha et al. 2011). Single-cell protein from bacteria and yeast contain relatively high nucleic acid content in the form of RNA. The large amounts of RNA in microorganisms promote rapid protein synthesis (Adedayo et al. 2011). Rapid protein synthesis and short multiplication times are key factors related to high protein content in single-cell microbes. High nucleotide content in aquafeeds improves hepatic function and lipid metabolism in fish. Single-cell protein production recycles wastes from agriculture and industries because these substances can be utilized by microbes as nutrient sources. Feed-derived wastes and ammonia released from cultured organisms can also be recycled through SCP. Size and color of fish are regulating factors in the success of ornamental fish aquaculture. Both can be manipulated through the application of SCP derived from algae and bacteria that contain large amounts of carotenoid pigments. Microbial carotenoids can be used as a feed additive for the growth and coloration of ornamental fishes. Conclusion Single-cell protein is an important alternative protein source, reducing input costs via exploitation of naturally occurring microorganisms in aquaculture system or on other waste substrates acting as nutrient sources for the growing microorganisms. Single-cell protein has a high nutritional value, supporting the growth and survival of cultured organisms by enhancing the immune response and disease resistance capacity. Single-cell protein can be a source of β-carotene, enhancing the color of ornamental fish. The use of SCP supports one of the best and most-convenient techniques to produce low-risk and highhealth benefit organic food. Thus, the application of SCP in aquaculture enhances production in an economically and ecologically sustainable manner. Notes Vivekanand Bharti and P. K. Pandey, Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, Central Institute of Fisheries, Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061 Corresponding author’s E-mail- vikky20009@gmail.com; Mobile: +91-8879438040 Satish Kumar Koushlesh, Fisheries Resources, Harvest and Post Harvest Management Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061 References Adedayo, M.R., E.A. Ajiboye, J.K. Akintunde and A. Odaibo. 2011. Single cell proteins: as nutritional enhancer. Advances in Applied Science Research 2(5):396-409. Baker, R., and C. Gunther. 2004. The role of carotenoids in consumer choice and the likely benefits from their inclusion into products for human consumption. Trends in Food Science and Technology 15:484-488. Dhevendaran, K., S. Karthikeyan and B.N. Vedhahari. 2013. 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