WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2015 47 TABLE 1. Performance and survival of juvenile eel. Groups Survival (%) Growth Rate 40d (%/day) Appetite* (1-5) Feed:Gain Control 99.8 ± 0.1 1.03 ± 0.06a 2.1 ± 0.1 2.39 ± 0.17b SDP 4% 99.9 ± 0.1 1.34 ± 0.10b 2.2 ± 0.1 1.75 ± 0.12a SDP 4% Coat 99.9 ± 0.1 1.23 ± 0.02b 1.9 ± 0.2 2.13 ± 0.08b *Appetite was evaluated daily using a numeric sensorial judgement scale, 1=best, 5=no feeding TABLE 2. Performance and survival of rainbow trout. TREATMENTS Groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Challenge (d) 1 1 1 15 30 None None 1 15 30 SDP (d started) 30 15 1 1 1 1 None None 15 30 Initial wt (g) 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.0 20.3 20.3 20.3 20.2 27.4 37.6 Final wt (g) 100.8 102.6 99.0 103.9 91.6 99.3 96.6 90.9 91.8 93.7 BW gain (g) 80.7 82.5 78.9 83.9 71.3 79.0 76.3 70.7 64.4 56.1 Mortality (n) 28 27 25 5 8 0 0 28 29 15 Survival (%) 44 46 50 90 84 100 100 44 42 70 in two feedings per day. Group 7 and 8 only received control feed, whereas groups 1-6 and 9-10 received the feed with SDP starting on day 1, 15 or 30 of the study as indicated in Table 2. Trout in groups 1-5 and 8 were challenged on day 1, 15 or 30 of the study by intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 mL of 2.5 x 107 Yersinia ruckeri per mL. Trout in groups 9 and 10 were challenged with a control inoculum on day 15 and 30, respectively. Trout in groups 6 and 7 were not challenged. Trout provided SDP in the diet 15 or 30 days prior to challenge (treatment groups 4 and 5) had less mortality compared to the other challenged groups. The survival to the challenge was 90 percent and 84 percent for fish that received the diet with SDP at 15 or 30 days prior to the challenge, respectively. Inclusion of SDP in the diet after challenge (day 15 or 30) or simultaneously with the challenge (day 1, 15 or 30) did not reduce mortality compared to the challenge group consuming the control diet without SDP (Table 2). Conclusions The research is clear: the nutrition provided by inclusion of SDP in the diets of farmed fish and shrimp improves growth performance (body weight, specific length and protein efficiency rate) and feed efficiency. This has been demonstrated in multiple terrestrial animal species and multiple aquatic animal species. The nutrition provided by diets containing SDP can enhance intestinal health and innate immune function in fish and other aquatic species. Fish farmers and aquatic producers should look closely at ingredients in aquafeeds because inclusion of SDP might reduce the negative impact of stress and disease in aquaculture systems and improve growth performance and efficiency during rearing. Notes Enric Gisbert and Cristobal Aguilera, IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain References Bendiksen, E.A., O.K. Berg, M. Jobling, A.M. Arnesen and K. Masoval. 2003. Digestibility, growth and nutrient utilization of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L.) in relation to temperature, feed fat content and oil source. Aquaculture 224:283-299. Bureau, D. 2000. Aquaculture feeds: Opportunities and potential for rendered products. Render 29:10-12. Bureau, D.P., A.M. Harris and C.Y. Cho. 1999. Apparent digestibility of rendered animal protein ingredients for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 180:345-358. Campbell, J.M. 2003. Evaluation of Biofend (spray-dried plasma) on growth and survival of rainbow trout (Oncohynchus mykiss) challenged with Yersinia ruckeri. Discoveries Technical Bulletin. Vol. 6. APC Inc., Ankeny, IA. Campbell, J.M., J.D. Quigley III, L.E. Russell and M.T. Kidd. 2003. Effect of spray-dried bovine serum on intake, health, and growth of broilers housed in different environments. Journal of Animal Science 81:2776-2782. Campbell, J.M., J. Polo, L.E. Russell and J.D. Crenshaw. 2010. Review of spray-dried plasma’s impact on intestinal barrier function. Livestock Science 133:239-241. Campbell, J.M., L.E. Russell, J.D. Crenshaw, K.C. Behnke and P.M. Clark. 2006. Growth response of broilers to spray-dried plasma in pelleted or expanded feed processed at high temperature. Journal of Animal Science 84: 2501-2508. (CONTINUED ON PAGE 48)
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