WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2015 63 turtles. However, it is labor intensive and needs much physical observation and activity and is not suitable for large ponds. Ponds before stocking Turtles are one of the first inhabitants that are seen in newly constructed aquaculture ponds. Therefore, their first sighting should be viewed with alarm by fish farmers. All methods applicable in grow-out ponds are also suitable for controlling turtles in ponds before stocking with fish. Additionally, chemical and ichthyotoxin applications can be used for eradication of turtles in newly prepared ponds. Generally the application of chemicals acts as a repellent and drives away turtles from culture ponds. Formalin application. Formalin applied at 15-20 mg/L is sometimes used by fish farmers for turtle control. After applying formalin, turtles will come out of the pond and can be collected. Ichthyotoxins application. Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) oil cake and tea seed powder can be applied to aquaculture ponds invaded by turtles to repel them from aquaculture ponds. This method is no longer practiced by Andhra Pradesh aquafarmers. Preventive Measures The entry of turtles can be prevented by setting up nylon netfencing around the pond dikes, using bamboo poles for support. Although this method requires an initial investment, there are no future destructive activities by turtles. Proper implementation of fencing prevents intrusion by freshwater turtles and protects culture ponds and fish nurseries from the destructive effects of turtles. Notes D. L. Prabu and M. Kavitha, Scientist, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India Email: growelprabu@ gmail.com References Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (Buhlmann, K., A. Rhodin and P.P. van Dijk) 2000. Lissemys punctata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Auffenberg, W. 1981. 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Iima, K. Hirayama, M. Okamoto, K. Matsuda, T. Miyasho, M. Kasamatsu, K. Hasegawa and H. Taniyama. 2011. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in an Indian Flap-Shelled Turtle (Lissemys punctata punctata). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 73(9):1217-1220. Tikader, B.K. and R.C. Sharma. 1985. Handbook Indian Testudines. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. India. Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [van Dijk, P.P., J.B. Iverson, H.B. Shaffer, R. Bour and A.G.J. Rhodin] 2011. Turtles of the world, 2011 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. Pages 000.165-000.242 In: A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson and R.A. Mittermeier editors. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian research Monographs No. 5. Yadava, M.R. and B. Prasad. 1982. 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