WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2015 41 in a complete production cycle that includes broodstock gamete quality evaluation. Finally high-quality FMAs can be manufactured according to the specific requirements of feed mill operations with inclusion rates that can vary from 5 to 50 percent in final feed formulations. Different concentrates contain different levels of major nutrients such as protein, energy and minerals, so an appropriate concentrate should be selected depending on the availability of ingredients at a particular location (Table 1). Feed is then formulated to balance nutrients to form part of the animal’s total diet and tailored to suit its particular requirements relative to the culture system. Notes Sergio F. Nates, FeedsAgrisolutions, LLC, snates@ feedsagrisolutions.com References Cruz-Suárez, L.E., M., Nieto-López, C. Guajardo-Barbosa, M. Tapia-Salazar, U. Scholz and D. Ricque-Marie. 2007. Replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei, and digestibility of the tested ingredients and diets. Aquaculture 272:466-476. Hernández, C., M.A. Olvera-Novoa, D.M. Smith, R.W. Hardy and B. González-Rodríguez. 2011. Enhancement of shrimp Litopenaneues vannamei diets based on terrestrial protein sources via the inclusion of tuna by-product protein hydrolysates. Aquaculture 317:117-123. Hernández, C., M.A. Olvera-Novoa, K. Aguilar-Vejar, B. GonzálezRodríguez and I. Abdodela Parra. 2008. Partial replacement of fish meal by porcine meat meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture 277:244-250. Mateo, C.D., L.A. Guerrero and N.F. Carandang. 2001. Evaluation of a fish meal analog as a replacement of Peruvian fish meal in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets. Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 27(1):53-60. Meilahn C.W., D.A. Davis and C.R. Arnold. 1996. Effects of commercial fish meal analogue and menhaden fish meal on growth of red drum fed isonitrogenous diets. Progressive FishCulturist 58:111-116. Tacon, A.G.J. and M. Metian. 2015. Feed matters: satisfying the feed demand of aquaculture. Reviews of Fisheries Science and Aquaculture 23:1-10. TABLE 1. Chemical and amino acid composition of fishmeal and four commercially available fishmeal analogs. Fish meal USA South America Europe Australia Protein 62-66 56.00 64.00 65.00 65.00 Humidity 6-10 8.00 4.10 Fat 8-12 8.55 7.00 Fiber 0.03 3.00 Ash 16.21 19.76 14.79 5.00 17.00 Phosphorus 0.25 2.35 Calcium 0.19 4.80 Arginine 4.00 3.24 4.09 3.10 3.00 Aspartic acid 5.80 4.40 5.08 5.15 Cystine 0.60 0.48 1.13 0.36 Glutamic acid 8.60 6.84 7.56 6.95 Glycine 4.80 4.90 5.59 2.40 Histidine 1.80 1.22 2.02 1.00 Isoleucine 2.70 1.98 2.36 2.50 2.00 Leucine 4.60 3.60 5.09 3.90 Lysine 5.00 3.45 4.43 2.75 5.20 Methionine 2.20 1.12 1.27 1.02 1.70 Phenylalanine 2.50 2.15 2.84 2.10 Proline 3.30 4.16 2.82 Serine 2.50 2.04 3.31 1.90 Taurine 0.50 0.25 0.30 Threonine 2.70 2.03 2.52 2.80 Tryptohpan 0.50 0.44 0.75 Tyrosine 2.10 1.49 1.91 Valine 3.20 2.39 3.37 3.00 3.70
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