48 SEPTEMBER 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG paving an era for industrialization and the opportunity for export. Initiation of such a venture must be backed up by developing seed and feed production infrastructure, hubs for broodstock, processing, value addition, transportation and market links. Small-scale fish feed units, using regionally available ingredients operated by small and marginal farmers in a co-operative mode can be encouraged near to production sites. A fish seed hatchery will be of great use to entrepreneurs. Strengthening the value chain system through market links will ensure better prices to the producer. Live marketing and production of value-added products will attract high-end consumers and contribute substantially to the economic basket. The development of an ancillary sector, such as input amenities for culture, processing and marketing facilities, will also provide employment opportunities and reduce postharvest losses, ensuring economic sustainability. Reservoirs certainly are a major fishery resource but they remain highly dispersed under a plethora of control regimes with variable governance and policy support. The reservoirs of India can produce much more fish than currently. Based on average fish yields of over 400 reservoirs, estimated yields from these reservoirs is far behind the expected production potential. Intervention of cage culture technology at a large scale through public-private partnerships in these reservoirs can bridge the gap between current production (93,700 t) and expected production potential (nearly 1 million t) and can contribute to a substantial increase in overall fish production in the country. Hematological parameters (WBC, RBC, Hct and Hb) were not affected by dietary treatment (Table 4). These results suggest that, under conditions of the study, the general health status of tilapia was not influenced by changes in dietary protein level or supplementation with the feed additive. Histology indicated some atrophy of the mid-gut in tilapia fed diets without the feed additive compared with fish fed diets with the additive (Fig. 2). In both diets, many plant ingredients were used, such as soybean meal, rapeseed meal, wheat meal, wheat flour, coconut meal, rice bran and corn DDGS. Anti-nutritional factors in plant ingredients can cause intestinal enteritis in fish. Damage to intestinal villi is commonly found in fish fed plantbased diets. In the present study, villi integrity in tilapia fed the diet supplemented with the additive was better than that in fish fed the control diet. Conclusion This study demonstrated that dietary protein level can be reduced in tilapia by supplementing a feed additive capable of enhancing nutrient utilization. Tilapia fed a diet with 2 percent less protein and supplemented with a digestive/metabolic enhancer had better performance in terms of growth, FCR, PER, protein retention and fillet yield compared to fish fed a control diet. Furthermore, fish fed the enhanced low-protein diet showed lower levels of visceral fat and plasma triglycerides, but enhanced G6PDH activity, indicating the effects of the additive on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. These metabolic effects can explain the release of non-protein energy, which in turn results in protein sparing and more effective utilization of protein for muscle growth. Increased nutrient utilization efficiency is the key to achieving more cost-efficient feeds. Notes Yu-Hung Lin, Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Allen Ming-Hsiun Wu, Nutriad International NV, Belgium References Ceulemans, S., P. Coutteau and R. Robles. 2009. Innovative feed additives improve feed utilization in Nile tilapia. Global Aquaculture Advocate Nov/ Dec 2009: 63-65. Sampaio Gonçalves, G., M.J. Peres Ribeiro, D. Villaca and P. Coutteau. 2012. Get more out of your increasingly expensive tilapia feed. Aquafeed Advances in Processing & Formulation. Autumn 2012. Shiau, S.Y. 2002. Tilapia, Oreochromis spp. Pages 273-292 In: C.D. Webster and C. Lim, editors. Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Aquaculture Fish. CAB International Publishers, London, UK. Protein Sparing, continued from page 47 Notes Vikash Kumar, Gunjan Karnatak, Mishal P., A.K. Das, M.A. Hassan, A.P. Sharma ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore- 700120 References Bhowmick, U. 2011. Cage and Penculture. Handbook of Fisheries and Aquaculture. ICAR, New Delhi, India. Karnatak, G. and V. Kumar. 2014. Potential of cage aquaculture in Indian reservoirs. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 1(6):108-112. Kumar, V. and G. Karnatak. 2014. Engineering consideration for cage aquaculture. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) 04(06):11-18. Rahman, M.M., Md. S. Islam, G.C. Halder and M. Tanaka. 2006. Cage culture of sutchi catfish, Pangasius sutchi (Fowler 1937): effects of stocking density on growth, survival, yield and farm profitability. Aquaculture Research 37:33-39. Sreenivasan, A. 1989. Principles of ecology and fisheries management in man-made lakes. In: A.G. Jhingran and V.V. Sugunan, editors. Conservation and Management of Inland Capture Fisheries Resources of India. Inland Fisheries Society of India, CIFRI, Barrackpore, India. Sugunan, VV. 1995. Reservoir fisheries in India. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 345. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjExNDY=