66 DECEMBER 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG market price. While many of these characteristics can be addressed prior to harvest, post-harvest processes such as transport, storage and packaging have major impacts on product freshness and food safety. Metabolomics can be used effectively to assess the role of metabolites in flavor and aroma profiles, nutritional value and degradation after storage and freezing, and quality preservation and enhancement. For example, Heude et al. (2015) used metabolomics to assess freshness and quality of four species of fish (sea bream, sea bass, trout, and red mullet) after storage at 0 C. The authors were able to clearly evaluate the potential of bacterial spoilage and demonstrated the advantage of direct measurements on unprocessed fish samples within less than an hour per sample. In addition to the previously discussed applications, metabolomics will certainly have a role to play in other aquaculture research areas, such as climate change, cryopreservation and selective breeding. The future of biotechnology in aquaculture will undoubtedly benefit from these rapidly emerging metabolomics-based studies. The full potential of metabolomics is yet to be realized and is likely to significantly enhance our ability to increase production and efficiency and help supply the global demand for food produced in aquaculture. Metabolomics, continued from page 22 Notes Andrea C. Alfaro and Tim Young, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. Email: andrea.alfaro@aut.ac.nz References Abro, R., A.A. Moazzami, J.E. Lindberg and T. Lundh. 2014. Metabolic insights in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) fed with zygomycetes and fish meal diets as assessed in liver using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. International Aquatic Research 6(2):1-11. Heude, C., E. Lemasson, K. Elbayed and M. Piotto. 2015. Rapid assessment of fish freshness and quality by 1H HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. Food Analytical Methods 8:907-915. Schock, T.B, J. Duke, A. Goodson, D. Weldon, J. Brunson, J.W. Leffler, D.W. Bearden. 2013. Evaluation of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) health during a superintensive aquaculture growout using NMR-based metabolomics. PLoS ONE 8(3): e59521. Young T., A.C. Alfaro and S. Villas-Bôas. 2015. Identification of candidate biomarkers for quality assessment of hatchery-reared mussel larvae via GC/MS-based metabolomics. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 49:87-95. are available, the climate is favorable and the local population has a rural way-of-life. Integrated fish farming is most promising in this case. Recreational aquaculture also has great prospects, based on growing fish in small ponds for organizations of recreational and sports fisheries. Currently aquaculture is considered as an activity to meet the needs of consumers, as a means of economic development, and achievement of a variety of social and environmental goals. Notes G.G. Matishov and E.N. Ponomareva Federal State Institution of Science of Southern Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Science, Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia E mail: kafavb@mail.ru References Balykin, P.A. and E.N. Ponomareva. 2014. The state of water bioresources of southern seas basins and problems of their use. Pages 17-22 in Collection of Abstracts of Fifth All-Russian Scientific Conference. Part 2. Kamchatsky STU Publisher. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2013. FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. Matishov, G.G. and E.N. Ponomareva. 2014. The state and development prospects of aquaculture biotechnologies in the South of Russia. Pages 799-800 in Aquaculture Europe 2014. Donostia-San Sebastian, October 14-17. Matishov, G.G., P.A. Balykin and E.N. Ponomareva. 2012a. Fishery and aquaculture of Russia. Bulletin of RAS 1:35-43. Matishov, G.G., E.N. Ponomareva, N.G. Zhuravleva, V.A. Grigoriev and V.A. Luzhnyak. 2012b. Practical aquaculture (developments of SSC RAS and MMBI KSC RAN). Rostov-onDon. SSC RAS Publisher. 284 p. RFSSS (Russian Federal State Statistics Service). 2013. Regions of Russia: Social and Economic figures. 2013. Statistic collection. Russian Federal State Statistics Service Publication. Moscow, Russia. Statistics and analytics of water bioresources catches in Russian Federation water bodies. 2015. (fish.gov.ru/otraslevayadeyatelnost/ekonomika-otrasli/statistika-i-analitika). The diversity of natural and climatic conditions, with the available variety of water body types, allows development of industrial fish farming in southern Russia, including in the heated waters of hydroelectric and thermal power stations in submontane areas, trout growing in lakes, estuaries and reservoirs, and ranching aquaculture and mariculture on the Azov, Black and Caspian Seas.
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