WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2016 31 We summarize some characteristics of recent Chinese shrimp culture in Shanghai as follows: Technical support for farmers. Technicians provide technical support to help farmers manage ponds. They also provide instructions about proper shrimp farming, thereby significantly improving the farmer’s technical level in aquaculture (Fig. 6). Most technicians are graduates from universities with a major in aquaculture and are employed by established feed companies. Fermentation is conducted near ponds. Many large feed companies offer farmers excellent strains of bacteria, such as photosynthetic bacteria and/or lactic acid bacteria, to help cut costs. With technical support, shrimp farmers can easily ferment cultivated bacteria strains in simple plastic containers at the ponds. The entire process of aquaculture is kept healthy. Farmers add a large number of microbial products (Fig. 7) during the production cycle to avoid destruction of the healthy flora in the pond. Notes Menghong Hu, Yanming Sui, Mingzhe Yuan College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China, 201306. Correspondence: M. H. Hu, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Lingangxincheng, Pudong new District, Shanghai, P.R. China. E-mail: mhhu@shou.edu.cn Acknowledgments This project was supported by the National Geographic Air and Water Conservation Fund (grant number GEFC21-14). References Diana, J.S. 2009. Aquaculture production and biodiversity conservation. BioScience 59:27-38. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2010. Yearbook of Fishery Statistics (www.fao.org). Retrieved on 1 March, 2011. Paul, B.G. and C.R. Vogl. 2011. Impacts of shrimp farming in Bangladesh: Challenges and alternatives. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:201-211. Rivera-Ferre, M.G. 2009. Can export-oriented aquaculture in developing countries be sustainable and promote sustainable development? The shrimp case. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 22:301-321. FIGURE 5. This groundwater well located next to a pond was excavated to a depth of around 55 m at a cost of 6000 yuan (Photo: Yanming Sui). FIGURE 6. The man in the red jacket is a graduate of Guangdong Ocean University and is employed by the Guangzhou Haida group to provide technical support to shrimp farmers in Fengxian District (Photo: Mingzhe Yuan). FIGURE 7. Two fish drugstores located in Pudong New District and Fengxian District of Shanghai sell various aquaculture products, including antibiotics (Photo: Yanming Sui).
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