WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2016 37 experimental diets. All diets used in the trials met the nutritional requirements of white seabass and California yellowtail because there were no significant differences in growth or survival among the experimental and commercial diets tested. A simplified microdiet formulation and manufacturing method can be used to wean California yellowtail and white seabass from live feeds. The diet can be used as a reference diet to compare among species or rearing methods. It can also be used for the further development and determination of nutritional requirements for early-stage larvae of white seabass and California yellowtail, and be applied to early weaning from live prey and the potential replacement of live prey altogether. Notes Kevin Stuart*and Mark Drawbridge, Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, 2595 Ingraham St., San Diego, CA 92109 Michael B. Rust and Ronald B. Johnson, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd., Seattle, WA 98121 Frederic T. Barrows, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, 3059-H National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, Idaho 83332 * Corresponding author 1 Lithonia, Conyers, GA 2 FISH MATE; Pentair AES, Apopka, FL 3 OTO; Marubeni Nisshin Feed, Tokyo, Japan 4 GEMMA; Skretting USA, Tooele, UT 5 Leica Microsystems, Inc., Bannockburn, IL 6 Media Cybernetics, Bethesda, MD 7 Perkin Elmer Instruments, Norwalk, CT 8 StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Western Regional Aquaculture Center, award number: 734590. References Bonaldo, A., L. Parma, A. Badiani, P. Serratore and P.P. Gatta. 2011. Very early weaning of common sole (Solea solea L.) larvae by means of different feeding regimes and three commercial microdiets: Influence on performances, metamorphosis development and tank hygiene. Aquaculture 321:237-244. Fernandez-Diaz, C. and M. Yufera. 1997. Detecting growth in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., larvae fed microcapsules. Aquaculture 153:93-102. Hamre, K., M. Yufera, I. Ronnestad, C. Boglione, L.E.C. Conceicao and M. Izquierdo. 2013. Fish larval nutrition and feed formulation: knowledge gaps and bottlenecks for advances in larval rearing. Reviews in Aquaculture 5 (Supp. 1):s26-s58. Holt, G.J. 2002. Ecophysiology, growth and development of larvae and juveniles for aquaculture. Fisheries Science 24:225-230. Holt, G.J., K.A. Webb and M.B. Rust. 2011. Microparticulate diets: testing and evaluating success. In: G.J. Holt, editor. Larval Fish Nutrition. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK. Langdon, C. 2003. Microparticulate types for delivering nutrients to marine fish larvae. Aquaculture 227:259-275. Langdon, C. and R. Barrows. 2011. Microparticulate diets: technology. In: G.J. Holt, editor. Larval Fish Nutrition. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK. Parma, L. and A. Bonaldo. 2013. Larval fish weaning. In: J.G. Qin, editor. Larval Fish Aquaculture. Nova Science Publishers, New York, USA. Russo, T., C. Boglione and P. De Marzi. 2009. Feeding preferences of the dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus, Lowe 1834) larvae reared in semi-intensive conditions: a contribution addressing the domestication of this species. Aquaculture 289:289-296.
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