54 DECEMBER 2016 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG higher purchase price of fish, higher fish loss and decrease in income. Processors reported that the main impacts of climate change on their business has been lower quantity of fish available (processing products) and increasing price of fish for processing. Seed producers, farmers, traders and processors were asked how they plan to adapt to the impacts of climate change. For seed producers, adaptation measures included changing the scale of seed production, temporarily stopping seed production, and selecting better broodstock. For farmers, adaptation measures included changing to another culture method, stopping culture, applying more modern technology, and increasing inputs which will add to production costs. For traders, adaptation measures included choosing other fish species for their business, buying fish from other regions/ areas, and increasing input, which will add to production costs. For processors, adaptation measures included changing the scale of processing and temporarily stopping processing. Snakehead Capture Fisheries Value Chain in Cambodia All fishers, traders and processors interviewed in Cambodia reported that they were aware of climate change. Respondents reported that the main events that they consider as climate change in their area were changes in rainfall patterns, more severe storms, drought, and change in wind patterns (Fig. 5). The climate change events of greatest concern to fishers were change in rainfall patterns, more severe storms and flooding; and to traders and processors were change in rainfall patterns and more severe storms. All respondents reported that they felt that the major changes to occur from climate change over the next ten years will be more severe storms and change in rainfall patterns. Fishers reported that the main impact of climate change on their business has been reduced fish catch/harvest. A vulnerability assessment of snakehead fishers identified storms as having the greatest impact and causing the greatest vulnerability (Fig. 6). This was followed by drought, flooding, wind change and rainfall change. Traders reported that the main impacts of climate change on their business have been higher purchase price of fish and fish supply. Processors reported that the main impacts of climate change on their business have been reduced fish processing, reduced fish supply and higher purchase price for fish. Fishers, traders and processors were asked how they plan to adapt to the impacts of climate change. For fishers, adaptation measures included changing fishing gear, changing fishing area and spending more time fishing. Traders planned to buy other fish species and increase input costs (for example, purchasing more fish or traveling to other areas to purchase fish). Processors planned to increase input costs by, for example, purchasing more fish or changing the type of processing that they do and purchasing other fish species. When asked about other adaptation strategies, 50 percent of fishers, 62 percent of traders and 65 percent of processors suggested the need to conserve or replant forests. Adapting to Climate Change Snakehead fishers in Cambodia are very concerned about more severe storms, which would impact their safety while fishing and their ability to go fishing. Snakehead farmers in Vietnam are concerned about increasing water and air temperature and salinity main events that they consider as climate change in their area were changes in rainfall patterns, drought, and water and air temperature changes. All respondents reported that they felt that the major changes to occur from climate change over the next ten years will be drought and hotter weather. Seed producers reported that the main impacts of climate change on their business has been reduced seed production and disease. Farmers reported that the main impacts of climate change on their business has been lower quality of snakehead seed, lower survival rate, water quality and disease. A vulnerability assessment of farmers identified drought, storms and higher water temperature as factors with the strongest impact and causing the greatest vulnerability for snakehead culture (Fig. 4). Traders reported that the main impacts of climate change on their business has been FIGURE 3. The percentage distribution of perceived climate change events for value chain actors in snakehead aquaculture in Vietnam. Readying snakehead for transportation to market. FIGURE 4. Vulnerability assessment matrix of snakehead farmers in Vietnam.
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