56 DECEMBER 2016 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG • It should be nontoxic to living organisms. • It should be nonimmunogenic. • It should have ability to incorporate hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules. • It can be administered via different routes. Types of Nanoparticles Silver Nanoparticles. Nanosilver has unique biological, optical, and thermal properties and is being used in various products of biological and chemical sensors. Increasingly, applications of nanosilver exploit its antimicrobial properties. Biological and chemical sensors, wound dressings, and biomedical devices now contain silver nanoparticles that continuously release a low level of silver ions to provide protection against various antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial properties of nanosilver are discussed further below. Gold Nanoparticles. Among various inorganic nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles have gained enormous attention for biological and chemical sensors, therapeutic agents and drug delivery in biological and medical applications. Saleh et al. (2016) reported antimicrosporidial activity of gold nanoparticles against lizard fish Heterosporis saurida and the number of spores produced in eel kidney cell line (EK-1) was reduced in a proportional manner to the dosage of gold nanoparticles administered. In another study, synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using cashew nut shell liquid and their antibacterial activity against fish pathogens were assessed. Silver and gold nanoparticles had significant antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of bacteria related to fish diseases (Velmurugan et al. 2014). Polymeric Nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles like chitosan, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), gelatin, sodium alginate polycaprolactone and poly-alkyl-cyanoacrylates have been used in various applications in aquaculture. Bioactive fish gelatin/chitosan nanoparticle composite films have antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli (Hosseinia et al. 2016). Squilla chitosan-silver nanoparticles have a protective effect on Dicentrarchus labrax larvae infected with Vibrio anguillarum. The study indicated that 10 percent squilla chitosan and 5 percent squilla chitosan–silver nanoparticles were effective against the pathogen (Barakat et al. 2016) Introduction Nanotechnology is a highpotential technology that spans many areas of science and technological applications. Rapid developments in nanosciences and nanotechnologies in recent years have opened new horizons for many industrial and consumer sectors that have been regarded as the center of a new industrial revolution, including agriculture and allied sectors. Among the recent innovations in science, nanotechnology is fast emerging as the new science and technology platform for the next generation of development and transformation of agri-food systems (Kuzma and Verhage 2006) as well as for improving the conditions of poor people. Nanotechnology has been defined by the US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) as “understanding and control of matter at proportions of roughly 1 to 100 nm where distinctive phenomena enable novel applications.” In general terms “it is the study, design, creation, synthesis, manipulation and application of functional materials, devices, and structures through control of matter at the nanometer scale (1-100 nm), that is, at the atomic and molecular levels, and the manipulation of novel phenomena and properties of matter on that scale.” Various applications of nanotechnology for aquaculture and fisheries production are being developed. With a strong history of accepting new technologies, the dynamic fish farming industry may be among the best to integrate and commercialize nanotech products. Nanotechnology in Aquaculture and Fisheries The aquaculture industry can use nanotechnology in tools such as rapid disease detection kits, nanovaccines and nanodelivery of drugs, hormones, nutrients, and proteins. The US National Science Foundation estimated that the emergence of the value of the global nanotechnology industry was worth US$ 1 trillion in 2015. This could be conceivable due to the enormous potential of nanotechnology in electronic and materials science and also in human health applications and agricultural sectors, including aquaculture. However, much more research and development is needed to boost the potential use of nanotechnology in aquaculture. Before different nanoparticles can be used in drug or therapeutic delivery, there are several properties that must be considered: • The particle diameter should be less than 100 nm. • Natural or synthetic polymer and inorganic substances can be used. Silver Nanoparticles: A Vital Fish Antimicrobial Agent Mohd Ashraf Rather, Irfan Ahmad Bhat, Niti Sharma, Adnan Gora and Rupam Sharma Silver nanoparticles are one of the most effective nanoparticles because they have a good antimicrobial efficacy against some bacteria, viruses and other eukaryotic microorganisms. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plants and their extracts can be advantageous over other biological synthesis. Neem-constructed silver nanoparticles have immunomodulatory and antibacterial activity in fish. The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles against major fish pathogens generates new hope for its possible application in fish health management.
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