22 MARCH 2017 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG (VNN), Hirame Rhabdovirus (HIRRV), Yellowtail Ascites Virus (YAV), Striped Jack Nervous Necrosis Virus (SJNNV), Ranavirus (EHN), Orthomyxovirus (ISA) and many others (Maeda 2001, Saravanan et al. 2012). Beneficial bacteria able to suppress the growth of other bacteria may also potentially inhibit the growth of viruses because viruses have the ability to transfer through live cells (Maeda 2001). If the aquatic environment is dominated by bacteria infected with viruses, viral infection of fish may extend to a larger scale. Probiotic bacteria may be an alternative way to prevent viral diseases in aquaculture. Probiotics such as Pseudomonas sp., Vibrio sp., Aeromonas sp., and groups of coryneforms isolated from salmonid hatcheries have antiviral activity against infectious IHNV, with more than 50 percent plaque reduction (Kamei et al. 1988). Poliovirus infection is greatly reduced by the marine bacterium Moraxella sp. (Girones et al. 1989). Two strains of Vibrio sp. (NICA 1030 and NICA 1031) isolated from a black tiger shrimp hatchery had antiviral activities against IHNV and Oncorhynchus masou virus (Direkbusarakom et al. 1998). Although some probiotic bacteria may inhibit the transmission of viruses among fish in a population, the exact mechanism is still not well understood (Balcázar et al. 2006). Water Quality Improvement Accumulation of organic and nitrogenous wastes e.g. ammonia and, nitrite, are a concern in aquaculture. Water quality is one of the criteria associated with fish disease outbreaks on farms. Toxic ammonia build-up in the water can cause environmental stress to farmed fish. In nature, these toxic substances are transformed into safer forms by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (ammonia to nitrite) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (nitrite to nitrate) (Qi et al. 2009). However, during the peak of the production cycle, heavy loads of nitrogenous waste produced by cultured species in the water may accelerate water quality deterioration. Probiotics such as Bacillus sp. can improve pond water quality by decomposing organic matter to CO2, especially during intensive production. In Malaysia, use of probiotics such as photosynthetic bacteria and Bacillus sp. can improve water quality, survival and growth rates of shrimp juveniles in commercial farms (Fig. 4). Use of Bacillus sp. can reduce the incidence of vibriosis on shrimp farms (Dalmin et al. 2001). Looking Ahead Recently research on probiotics has focused on identification of bioactive ingredients and compounds extracted from probiotic bacteria. This should help provide a clearer picture of the mode of action of probiotics in maintaining gastrointestinal health. However, much more work is needed to elucidate the potential benefits. Notes Jiun-Yan Loh, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Phone: +603-9101 8880 (3373), Fax: +603-9102 3606 E-mail: lohjy@ucsiuniversity.edu.my; jamesloh1104@yahoo.com References Andani, H.R.R., A. Tukmechi, S. Meshkini and N. Sheikhzadeh. 2012. Antagonistic activity of two potential probiotic bacteria from fish intestines and investigation of their effects on growth performance and immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 2012:1-7. Balakrishna, A. and T.R. Keerthi. 2012. Screening of potential aquatic probiotics from the major microflora of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering. 6(2):163-173. Balcázar, J.L. 2003. Evaluation of probiotic bacterial strains in Litopenaeus vannamei. Final Report, National Center for Marine and Aquaculture Research, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Balcázar J.L., I. de Blas, I. Ruiz-Zarzuela, D. Cunningham, D. Vendrell and J.L. Múzquiz. 2006. The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Veterinary Microbiology 114:173-186. Balcázar, J.L., T. Rojas-Luna,and D.P. Cunningham. 2007. Effect of the addition of four potential probiotic strains on the survival of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) following immersion challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 96:147-150. Bandyopadhyay, P. and P.K.D. Mohapatra. 2009. Effect of a probiotic bacterium Bacillus circulans PB7 in the formulated diets: on growth, nutritional quality and immunity of Catla catla (Ham.) Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 35:467-478. Bates, J.M., E. Mittge, J. Kuhlman, K.N. Baden, S.E. Cheesman and K. Guillemin. 2006. Distinct signals from the microbiota promote different aspects of zebrafish gut differentiation. Developmental Biology 297:374-386. Carraturo, A., K. Raieta, D. Ottaviani and G.L. Russo. 2006. Inhibition of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) produced by Vibrio mediterranei 1. Journal of Applied Microbiology 101(1):234-241. Dalmin, G., K. Kathiresan and A. Purushothaman. 2001. Effect of probiotics on bacterial population and health status of shrimp in culture pond ecosystem. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 39:939-942. Das P., S.C. Mandal, S.K. Bhagabati, M.S. Akhtar and S.K. Singh. 2012. Important live food organisms and their role in aquaculture. Frontier in Aquaculture 5:69-86. Devereux, G. 2002. The immune system an overview. Pages 1-20 in P. Calder, C. Field, and H. Gill (eds). Nutrition and Immune Function. Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing.. Direkbusarakom, S., M. Yoshimizu, Y. Ezura, L. Ruangpan and Y. Danayadol. 1998. Vibrio spp. the dominant flora in shrimp hatchery against some fish pathogenic viruses. Journal of Marine Biotechnology 6:266-267. Douillet, P.A. and C.J. Langdon. 1994. 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