WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2018 29 (CONTINUED ON PAGE 30) of Indian shrimp farming are illustrated in Table 2. Beginning in 2010, L. vannamei production rapidly increased, and in 2015 it provided 82.4 percent of total farmed shrimp production in India. There has been over 50 yr of experience with penaeid shrimp culture. The favored species clearly are L. vannamei and P. monodon. Other species of penaeid shrimp have been used in shrimp farming, but they have not been widely adopted. Other species are unlikely to replace L. vannamei and P. monodon in the future, but the dominance of L. vannamei likely will increase. Advantages of L. vannamei over P. monodon are the availability of high-health broodstock, faster growth, better adaption to high-density culture, and lower protein requirement in feeds. Culture of L. vannamei at high intensity can result in less land use for shrimp farms. The purpose of this article is to assess the total global shrimp pond area, the area of ponds in feed-based (semi-intensive and intensive) production, and the area in non-feedbased (extensive) production. The benefits of feed-based aquaculture on land use also are discussed. The Global Shrimp Farm Area Unlike shrimp production, for which there are annual data at country and global levels, information on the area of land used for shrimp farming is more difficult to acquire. Shrimp farming is conducted in around 50 countries, but 90 percent of farmed shrimp in 2015 was from China, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Ecuador, Thailand, and Mexico. Nevertheless, we sought information on the shrimp pond areas in all countries producing shrimp in 2015 (www.fao.org/ faostat/en/). We consulted articles in aquaculture journals and trade magazines, postings by governmental agencies, FAO, World Bank, aquaculture associations, and environmental non-governmental organizations (eNGOs) on the internet, and requested information from individuals knowledgeable about shrimp farming in particular countries. The information obtained was at best approximate because country-level data on pond areas are not collected by most governments on a regular schedule. Moreover, government assessments often estimate areas from records of registered farms and many smallholder farmers in some countries do not register their farms with the responsible governmental agency. New farms are being constructed, existing farms are being abandoned at different rates each year, and the total shrimp pond area changes over time. Moreover, in any given year, some farms or some ponds on particular farms in a country may be temporarily held out of production or used to produce other species. Vietnam has a shrimp farming area of about 619,000 ha of which around 562,000 ha are in extensive production (Ministry of TABLE 1. Shrimp species produced by aquaculture in 2015. FAO designation of species Common name Production (t) Penaeus vannamei Whiteleg shrimp 3,879,786 Penaeus monodon Black tiger shrimp 713,318 Penaeid shrimp Unidentified 111,389 Penaeus japonicus Kuruma shrimp 47,726 Penaeus chinensis Chinese white shrimp 44,812 Penaeus indicus Indian white shrimp 4,219 Metapenaeus sp. --- 43,395 Penaeus merguiensis Banana shrimp 25,577 Metapenaeus monoceros Speckled shrimp 3,063 Penaeus stylirostris Blue shrimp 2,132 Metapenaeus ensis Greasy-back shrimp 168 Total 4,875,586 Current genera names: 1Litopenaeus, 2Marsupenaeus, 3Fenneropenaeus. TABLE 2. Shrimp yields in India (2005-2015). PENAEUS MONODON + OTHER LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI Area Production Yield Area Production (t Yield Year (ha x 103) (t x 103) (t/ha/yr) (ha x 103) (t x 103) (t/ha/yr) 2005 184 186 1.01 --- --- --- 2006 180 174 0.97 --- --- --- 2007 175 133 0.76 --- --- --- 2008 127 122 0.96 --- --- --- 2009 110 102 0.93 --- --- --- 2010 ≈126 140 1.11 2.9 18.2 6.28 2011 122 139 1.14 7.8 80.7 10.35 2012 96.0 127 1.32 22.7 148 6.52 2013 81.2 80.3 0.99 44.2 251 5.68 2014 80.7 81.1 1.01 50.2 353 7.03 2015 81.5 86.9 1.05 59.1 406 6.87 Source: mpeda.gov.in/MPEDA/admin/app/webroot/files/annualreport/1495802671MPEDAAR201516FinalPrintPress16112016compressed.pdf
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