WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2018 31 Agriculture and Rural Development 2016, courtesy of Dr. T.Q. Phu, Can Tho University, Vietnam). The area in extensive production typically has annual yields of <100 to 500 kg/ha (Nhuong et al. 2002). Annual yields from the 57,346 ha of semi-intensive and intensive ponds in Vietnam often exceeds 5 t/ha (Boyd et al. 2017) and this accounted for a large proportion of the 550,240 t of production in 2015. The China Fisheries Statistical Yearbook (courtesy Dr. Li Li, Ocean University of China, Qingdao) reported that there were around 258,000 ha of shrimp ponds in marine areas that produced, according to the FAO, 1,161,340 t (4.49 t/ha/yr) in 2015. There were also 730,861 t of penaeid shrimp from freshwater areas in China. Assuming similar production was realized in the freshwater area as in the marine area, about 163,000 ha of pond area would be needed to produce 730,861 t of shrimp. The total shrimp farm area in China is probably near 421,000 ha. Biao and Kaijin (2007) found China had 356,400 ha of shrimp farms in 2005, of which about 10 percent of the area was in extensive production. It is doubtful that the extensive area has increased because coastal land is scarce in China and there is a trend of increasingly intensive production of food in China (Fischer and Sun 2001, Tan et al. 2006). Thus, the extensive shrimp farming area in China likely is at most 35,000 ha. The shrimp pond area in Bangladesh was about 216,000 ha in 2014 (Akber et al. 2017). The country produced 84,015 t of shrimp in 2015, with an annual yield of 390 kg/ha. Obviously, nearly all of the pond area was in extensive production. Rahman et al. (2017) estimated the extensive area as 207,000 ha. The area of shrimp ponds in India was reported by the Marine Products Export Development Authority (mpeda.gov.in/MPEDA) to be 141,000 ha in 2015 with 69,000 ha for P. monodon, 59,000 ha for L. vammamei, and 13,000 ha for other penaeid species (called scampi in the report, but they were not freshwater shrimp). The MPEDA data suggest that P. vannamei production was exclusively from intensive culture, while the production of scampi was by extensive culture. According to MPEDA, up to 10 percent of the P. monodon area was in extensive production. Thus, India probably has about 20,000 ha of extensive shrimp ponds. The Center for Data, Statistics and Information in Indonesia1 gave a 2015 estimate of the brackishwater pond area as 667,083 ha, but it is not clear how much of this area is for shrimp ponds. Douma and van Wijk (2012) reported that Indonesia has around 180,000 ha of shrimp ponds and about 135,000 ha of this area is in extensive culture with annual yields of 100-500 kg/ha. However, this area could not account for the 127,626 t of P. monodon produced in Indonesia in 2015 at average extensive annual pond yields of 100-500 kg/ha. Moreover, annual yield of the remaining 35,000 ha of ponds would have to average 13.36 t/ha to provide 467,455 t of other species of penaeid shrimp reported by FAO to have been produced in Indonesia in 2015. The extensive production area in Indonesia is much less than 135,000 ha. A considerable amount of Indonesian P. monodon production was from semiintensive and extensive ponds and we estimate that there are probably no more than 50,000 ha of extensive ponds in Indonesia. According to FAO (www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/ naso_myanmar/en), Myanmar had 79,984 ha of shrimp ponds of which 77,856 ha were in extensive production in 2002. The most recent estimate of shrimp pond area in Myanmar was 120,000 ha (thefishsite.com/articles/bid-to-boost-myanmar-shrimp-tradebegins). Most of these ponds are in extensive production (Joffre and Aung 2012, Belton et al. 2015). However, there is some semiintensive and intensive production in Myanmar and the area for extensive production probably is around 100,000 ha. The Philippines had 77,172 ha of shrimp ponds in 2002 (www.fao.org.fishery/countrysector/naso_philippines/en). In 2015, production consisted of 50,172 t of P. monodon, 8,752 t of L. vannamei, and 1,971 t of other penaeid shrimp. Because P. monodon, the major species, is often produced in extensive culture in Asia, one would expect a pond area of at least 20,000-30,000 ha; however, the Philippines Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (courtesy of Ramjie Odin, Auburn University) estimated the shrimp farm area as of July 2017 to be 3,537 ha for P. monodon and 38 ha for L. vannamei by extensive methods and 2,719 ha for L. vannamei by intensive production, for a total area of 6,257 ha. Using these data, and the FAO estimate of 49,527 t P. monodon and 8,752 t of L. vannamei, the pond yield would be 13.44 t/ha/yr and 3.17 t/ ha/yr, respectively. While such yields are possible, Muegue et al. (2015) indicated that many shrimp farms in the Philippines were not registered with the government. We suspect most of the unregistered ponds were for extensive production, and the shrimp farming area in the Philippines is greater than reported (possibly 40,000 ha or more). Nevertheless, we used the government estimate of around 3,500 ha of extensive ponds. Thailand had about 75,400 ha of shrimp ponds in 1991 (Smith et al. 1999), but the 2006 area was 57,520 ha. Nevertheless, countrylevel production increased from 155,100 t in 1991 to 480,061 t in 2006. Annual yield increased from 2.06 t/ha to 8.35 t/ha during the 15-yr span. In 1991, production was mainly P. monodon, while in 2006, production was mainly L. vannamei. The shrimp farming area was 32,438 ha in 2015 (www.oae.go.th/download/download_ journal/2560/yearbook59.pdf) and production consisted of 294,896 t — 280,070 t L. vannamei, 14,465 t P. monodon, and 361 t other penaeid shrimp for an average annual yield of 9.09 t/ha. The average yield of L. vannamei farms in Thailand was 17.7 t/yr (Boyd et al. 2017), and the 2015 area for L. vannamei would be about 15,800 ha. The remaining 16,638 ha were almost entirely for P. monodon production, apparently at an annual yield of around 900 kg/ha. We suspect that at least 10,000 ha of the P. monodon production was by extensive production. Nevertheless, we use the available estimates and assume that about 50 percent of the P. monodon area (6,000 ha) is in extensive production. Shrimp farming in Malaysia is solely by semi-intensive and intensive methods (Hashim and Kathamuthu 2005). This claim is supported by the small production area of about 5,350 ha (GheeThean et al. 2016) and 2015 production of 52,570 t, an average annual yield of 9.83 t/ha. Ecuador had about 212,000 ha of shrimp ponds in 20152, of which 63,000 ha are in the intertidal zone and 149,000 ha are at elevations above mean sea level. Production is almost exclusively by semi-intensive or intensive culture. We assume that 2 percent of the area (about 4,000 ha) is in extensive culture. Mr. Jose-Antonio Camposano, Executive President of the Camara Nacional de Acuacultura of Ecuador gave the 2016 area for Ecuador as 220,000 ha, and indicated that production increased from 403,000 t in 2015 to 450,000 t in 2016. (CONTINUED ON PAGE 32)
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