WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2018 33 natural resources is a necessity given this competition, but coastal land suitable for shrimp farming is scarce and the biodiversity in areas suitable for shrimp farms typically is high. Extensive farms are found mainly in Vietnam, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia, and India. These farms are not very productive and many are located in the intertidal zone. The livelihoods of many smallholders depend on such systems and there are few who criticize the resource demands that such shrimp farming imparts. In many ways, any activity that reduces poverty and enhances livelihoods can be seen as justifiable. However, an inability to curtail shrimp consumption requires the revisiting of this issue because coastal land conversion may eventually harm rather than support such smallholder livelihoods because of pollution, transmission of shrimp diseases and increased vulnerability to coastal storm surge. Reinventing a system that is higher yielding and less land-intensive could prove more profitable to smallholder farmers. It may be more possible to enhance livelihoods to a greater extent in doing so than in focusing on minor efficiency gains in low-intensity systems. Acknowledgements This research was funded by a collaboration established by The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Notes Claude E. Boyd, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA * Corresponding Author: boydce1@auburn.edu Aaron A. McNevin, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037, USA 1 courtesy Dr. Sigid Hariyadi, Bogor University, Bogor, Indonesia 2 courtesy Dr. Stanislaus Sonnenholzner, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, San Pedro de Manglaralto, Ecuador 3 courtesy Dr. Julio Queiroz, EMBRAPA, Campinas, Brazil References ADB/NACA (Asian Development Bank and Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia-Pacific). 1997. 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