24 JUNE 2018 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG also develop and standardize native fish cryopreservation protocols (effects of thawing temperature and packing volume). The effect of heavy metals (cadmium and mercury) on the reproduction of native fish and the reproductive performance of migratory fish in the Sinú River under the operation of the URRA Hydroelectric company is studied. In the area of nutrition, the effect of plant-derived lipids on the reproductive performance of the Nile tilapia is studied; The production of live feed and protocols for cryopreservation of microalgae (Scenedesmus sp., Ankistrodesmus sp.) is also carried out. Universidad de los Llanos is a leader in the development of a technological package for production of white cachama Piaractus brachypomus. In addition to making an important contribution in education at the postgraduate level (specialization, M.S. and Ph.D.), the university is currently engaged in study of species of the Orinoco River basin for productive purposes, fish reproduction, cryopreservation of gametes and artificial insemination, feeding and nutrition of aquatic organisms, production of native plankton from the Colombian Orinoquia region, and the study of nutrient dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. The Universidad de los Llanos has made important contributions to the understanding of ornamental fish biology, as well as production systems in fish farming and the physiology and toxicology of aquatic organisms. Universidad de Nariño contributes to the aquaculture of the country through the training of aquaculture engineers and to the generation of scientific knowledge that contributes to aquaculture sustainability, particularly in its environment. The university is currently developing studies with alternative raw materials for tilapia such as quinoa, sweet lupin, meal from the processing of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, and bovine myocardium in diets for tilapia fry and fingerlings, coffee pulp added to diets for white cachama, and hydrolyzed meal from rainbow trout viscera. The university also evaluates the quality of national and imported fingerlings of rainbow trout, with emphasis on the presence of parasites and their role as a limiting factor in production. In the environmental area, it studies natural resources such as Guamuez Lake and the relationship with trout production, and socially strengthens the association of small- and medium-sized trout farmers through the corporate network as an associative strategy. Universidad Nacional de Colombia has nine locations in the country, of which at least three include training for aquaculture in undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The characterization of microorganisms present in biofloc systems for red tilapia using autochthonous carbon sources from the state of Cesar is one of the research areas. Additionally, aquaponics is studied as a rural educational model and as a tool for food security. Recent work with indigenous communities has been developed by installing agriaquaculture systems integrated in polyculture and using periphyton. The adoption of Best Aquaculture Practices and the development of value-added products such as smoked tilapia has been stimulated. The study of systems with efficient water use such as biofloc, RAS LEFT: A fillet of Nile tilapia produced in cages in Betania reservoir destined for export. RIGHT: Intensive trout production system in Antioquia state. LEFT: Rainbow trout farmed in Colombia. RIGHT: Cachama cultured in Colombia.
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