World Aquaculture December 2018

WWW.WA S.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2018 49 In summary, high levels of mortality occurred in ponds on all three shrimp farms in this demonstration, regardless of treatment group and whether they were in the study. At GPA, most mortality occurred early in the season when Vibrio populations were low, probably due to unusually high pH. Mortality at FS also occurred early with no apparent detectable cause. In contrast, most mortality at GAS occurred during the last month of production when Vibrio levels were low in pond water and shrimp muscle. However, histology indicated tissue damage consistent with toxins produced by blue-green algae. Although vibrios may not have been directly responsible for late-termmortality, higher Vibrio levels in ponds and shrimp in August (prior to the occurrence of mortalities) may have compromised the shrimp immune system, causing shrimp to be more susceptible to other stressors. Although the probiotic used in this study did not directly increase shrimp survival and yield, it was effective at reducing the total number of pond water and pathogenic vibrios. Further controlled studies on commercial farms evaluating the optimal levels and timing of application of probiotics, probiotics applied to feed, or a combination of both could provide additional information needed by commercial producers to substantiate the efficacy of probiotic use in shrimp farming. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank INVE Aquaculture and FishVet for donation of the probiotic used in this study and for technical assistance. In addition, the authors would like to thank the farmer cooperators in the study including Gulf American Shrimp, Forkland Springs, and Greene Prairie Aquafarm. Finally, we would like to thank C.R. Laramore for helpful assistance with histological analysis. Notes Luke A. Roy, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture & Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; royluke@ auburn.edu David Teichert-Coddington, Greene Prairie Aquafarm, Boligee, Alabama Susan Laramore, Harbor Branch Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida Sunni Dahl, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture & Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama Jesse James, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture & Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama Gregory N. Whitis, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture & Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama Benjamin H. Beck, USDA-ARS Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Auburn, Alabama Craig A. Shoemaker, USDA-ARS Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Auburn, Alabama References Aguilera-Rivera, D., A. Prieto-Davó, K. Escalante, C. Chávez, G. Cuzon and G. Gaxiola. 2014. Probiotic effect of FLOC on Vibrios in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . Aquaculture 424-425:215-219. 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