World Aquaculture March 2019

WWW.WA S.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2019 43 from the milkfish story. The challenges that remain for continued growth and diversification of aquaculture in Indonesia and the world will undoubtedly require the same kinds and levels of support. Acknowledgments There were many involved with the development and transfer of the technology for artificially propagating milkfish. The names provided do not include many from other countries, and some of them have already passed away, but the main individuals from Indonesia were Agus Prijono, Tony Setiadharma, Dedi Rohaniawan, Gusti Oka Suarjana, Agus Supriyatna and Nurcholik.  Those from Japan were Dr. Isao Hanyu, Dr. Reijiro Hirano, Dr. Atsushi Hagiwara, Dr. Yoshioki Oozeki and Dr. Hiroki Eda. Those fromHawaii include Dr. Wade Watanabe, Dr. Ching- Ming Kuo, Dr. Christopher Kelley, Dr. WilliamWalsh, George Uyemura, Vernon Sato, Paul Bass, Phyllis Ha, Garret Miyamoto, Jessie Banno, GregoryWeber, Christine Carlstrom-Trick, Anita Berranger, Christine Bingham, Aaron Moriwake, Laura Wallace, Virginia Nicol, Brian Eastham, Kenneth Liu, Elaine Lee, John Ginoza, Sandy Higashiwara and Rodney Fujii. Notes Gede Sumirasa, Fuad Cholick and Taufik Ahmad, Institute for Mariculture Research and Fisheries Extension (IMRAFE), Gondol, Bali, Indonesia Katsumi Aida, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113, Japan Cheng-Sheng Lee, Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 104, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA Harry Ako, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Department of Molecular Biosciences &BioEngineering, 1955 East-West Rd., Gilmore Hall 101, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA Clyde S. Tamaru, Hawaii C’s Aquaculture Consultant Service, 1157 Lunaapono Place, Kailua, HI 96734 USA (Corresponding Author) ( C O N T I N U E D O N P A G E 4 4 ) being conducted at the time. Clearly IMRAD has been and continues to be a major contributor in the development of mariculture in Indonesia. Lessons from Technological Change In 1992, wild milkfish fry were collected along the shoreline of IMRAD (Fig. 12), a practice that has completely disappeared and a clear example of how technological changes can impact a practice and a society. Aquaculture will continue to interact with fisheries, especially from a socioeconomic perspective. Fishmeal and fish oil are essential feed ingredients for many aquaculture species, including milkfish when grown at high densities. In countries like Indonesia, fish that can be converted to fishmeal serve as a major source of protein for people. With almost 50 percent of the fish food supply now coming from aquaculture, it is becoming more evident that the transition from fishing to farming fish has reached a pivotal point. One thing that is clear from the milkfish experience is that technological changes have occurred since ancient times and came from local, national and international efforts. The results obtained were derived from practical and basic research that were then applied, following the model of Land Grant universities in the United States. In addition to education, Land Grant universities develop alternatives that help farmers remain on the land while being economically stable and environmentally sensitive, rather than simply following the lead of industrialized agriculture. These universities also ensure that information is disseminated. Participants willingly sharing knowledge and experiences is probably the most important lesson B LEFT, FIGURE 11. Grouper fry in a floating net pen being fed trash fish, Bali Indonesia, 2007. ABOVE, FIGURE 12. Milkfish fry collection along the shore of IMRAD, circa 1992.