World Aquaculture Magazine -December 2021

WWW.WA S .ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2021 23 ( C O N T I N U E D O N P A G E 2 4 ) Ponds and Cucumbers; Size Polycultures in Bangladesh Bivalves and kelp, N.B., Canada; Mussels and kelp, Maine, USA; Greenwave Connecticut, USA Sanggou Bay (>240 MT seafood/ year from >30 spp. in ~100 km 2 ocean space) - seaweed/ bivalve aquaculture nowmost popular;transferability questioned but “the social benefits…higher than the private benefits” (Yu et al . 2017) Very high resource and food production efficiency (1 kg feed to fish produces over 10 kg of human foods) Yellowtail RAS, Netherlands, Denmark. Is this the “ocean tilapia”? Fishing families add seaweed farms with technical & business assistance to obtain ocean leases, set up/manage farms with free seed, market contracts; Displaced gill netters become successful clams farmers (~125 mil clams/year worth >$12 mil, >500 jobs) New Zealand; American Mussel Harvesters (AMH), Rhode Island, USA; Offshore Shellfish, Brixham, U.K. National Parks, N.B., Canada Karim and Little 2017, Ahmed et al . 2014, Thilsted et al . 1997, Roos et al 2003 Turquoise Revolution (Coastal Health Solutions w/Magellan Aquafarms), Bangs Island, GreenWave Regenerative Ocean Farming Systems Fang et al . 2016, Yu et al . 2017 Superior Fresh, Wisconsin, USA Kingfish Zeeland, Nordic Aquafarms Atlantic Sea Farms, Maine, USA; Cedar Key, Florida, USA, Leslie Sturmer honored with Distinguished Service Award Heasman et al . 2020, Landmann et al . 2021, American Mussel, Offshore Shellfish Clarke et al . 2016, Christie et al . 2016 Farmers more than double incomes & farmers adopt aquaculture more widely due to cucumbers; S. Thilsted is honored with The 2021 World Food Prize Concept has transformed historical concepts of “polyculture” worldwide with many innovations Aquaculture is so dynamic China always deserves its special place Advanced knowledge of waste treatment; balancing nutrients from fish systems with nutrient needs of plants for large-scale inland production in rural areas Optimal growth conditions; low FCRs, small footprint (2 MT fish on 3 ha), conservation of fresh water; solids separated from seawater used as fertilizers, reduced diseases, mortalities, no predators, parasites, algal blooms, year round production close to markets Aquaculture has radically transformed fishing livelihoods New Zealand pioneers designs, gear, indigenous partnerships; Family owned and run business successes in offshore aquaculture using NZ technologies (as AMH states…in an “atmosphere of anima mundi (Thomas Moore’s concept of living a soulful ecology) Fundy Salmon Recovery Project with with government, NGOs, aquaculture industry, academia, First Nations. Number of Atlantic salmon returning in 2021 to Fundy National Park highest in 32 years. Integrated Agriculture- Aquaculture Farming Systems (IAAFS) Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) IMTA Discontinuous aquaponics RAS Fishing livelihoods aquaculture: seaweed farming, clam farming Offshore shellfish farming Restoration aquaculture TABLE 1. Radical transformation of aquaculture – Selected systems and species. Sy s t ems Why So “Rad i ca l ”? Examp l e s Re f e r enc e s