36 SEP TEMBER 2022 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WA S .ORG strategy and novel approach to prevent the outbreak of infections is to disrupt quorum sensing signaling among pathogenic microcolonies, an approach known as quorum quenching. Attenuation of quorum sensing signaling by quorum quenching represents an ecofriendly approach to control diseases of aquatic animals (Defoirdt et al. 2007, Heuer et al. 2009). Inhibition of quorum signaling in microbial communities could serve as an alternative strategy to inhibit the pathogenicity of bacteria in shrimp culture (Zhao et al. 2015). Various quorum sensing disrupting molecules, such as lactonoses and halogenated furanones, can block signaling mechanism in microcolonies (Jayaprakashvel and Subramani 2019). This disrupting mechanism by antiquorum sensing molecules alters the gene response that controls virulence (Zhang 2003). The marine Acinetobactor are a potent source of bioactive compounds and antibiotics that could serve as metabolites to disrupt the quorum sensing system and thus virulence factors that control bacterial pathogenicity (Subramani and Aalbersberg 2012, Jayaprakashvel and Subramani 2019). Notes Rida Riyaz, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India. reyazrida@gmail.com Parvaiz Ahmad, Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research Institute, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India References Defoirdt, T., N. Boon, P. Sorgeloos, W. Verstraete and P. Bossier. 2007. Alternatives to antibiotics to control bacterial infections: Luminescent vibriosis in aquaculture as an example. Trends in Biotechnology 25(10):472-479. Dickschat, J.S. 2010. Quorum sensing and bacterial biofilms. Natural Product Reports 27(3): 343-369. Fatimah, N., G.S.J. Pande, F.M.I. Natrah, W.W. Meritha, A. Sucipto and J. Ekasari. 2019. The role of microbial quorum sensing on the characteristics and functionality of bioflocs in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 504:420-426. Heuer, O.E., H. Kruse, K. Grave, P. Collignon, I. Karunasagar and F.J. Angulo. 2009. Human health consequences of use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture. Clinical Infectious Diseases 49(8):12481253. King, R.K., G.J. Flick, Jr, S.A. Smith, M.D. Pierson, G.D. Boardman and C.W. Coale, Jr. 2008. Response of bacterial biofilms in recirculating aquaculture systems to various sanitizers. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 20(2):79-92. Lv, J., Y. Wang, C. Zhong, Y. Li, W. Hao and J. Zhu. 2014. The effect of quorum sensing and extracellular proteins on the microbial attachment of aerobic granular activated sludge. Bioresource Technology 152:53-58. Miller, M.B. and B.L. Bassler. 2001. Quorum sensing in bacteria. Annual Reviews in Microbiology 55(1):165-199. Novick, R.P. and E. Geisinger. 2008. Quorum sensing in staphylococci. 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Marine actinomycetes: an ongoing source of novel bioactive metabolites. Microbiological research 167(10):571-580. Suhr, K.I. and P.B. Pedersen. 2010. Nitrification in moving bed and fixed bed biofilters treating effluent water from a large commercial outdoor rainbow trout RAS. Aquacultural Engineering 42(1):31-37. Windsor, W.J. 2020. How quorum sensing works, American Society for Microbiology 12 June 2020 https://asm.org/Articles/2020/June/ How-Quorum-Sensing-Works accessed 12/4/2021 Zhang, L.H., 2003. Quorum quenching and proactive host defense. Trends in Plant Science 8(5):238-244. Zhang, W. and C. Li. 2016. Exploiting quorum sensing interfering strategies in gram-negative bacteria for the enhancement of environmental applications. Frontiers in Microbiology 6:1535. Zhao, Z., L.J. Eberhart, L.H. Orfe, S.Y. Lu, T.E. Besser and D.R. Call. 2015. Genome-wide screening identifies six genes that are associated with susceptibility to Escherichia coli microcin PDI. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81(20):6953-6963. Zhu, S., J. Shen, Y. Ruan, X. Guo, Z. Ye, Y. Deng and M. Shi. 2016. The effects of different seeding ratios on nitrification performance and biofilm formation in marine recirculating aquaculture system biofilter. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23(14):14540-14548. Bacteria synthesize autoinducers during a cell reproductive cycle. Autoinducers inside the Gram-negative bacterial cell diffuse passively through the thin cell wall. In the case of Gram-positive bacteria, oligo-peptide autoinducers are actively transported through the peptidoglycan cell wall via the ATP-binding cassette transport system. Initially the concentration of autoinducers in the extracellular environment is below the threshold concentration to generate any stimulatory response. When autoinducer concentration reaches a critical threshold concentration as bacterial cell numbers increase, it becomes energetically unfavorable for autoinducers to leave the bacterial cell through diffusion or active transport, thus increasing the intracellular concentration of these chemical molecules. Autoinducers, therefore, bind to receptors inside the cell, triggering certain transcription factors that alter gene expression.
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