WWW.WA S .ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEP TEMBER 2022 67 decreased mortalities by 71 percent. It is also used for treatment of fungal infections in rainbow trout eggs (Johari et al. 2015). Au NPs supported on zeolite had bactericidal effects against E. coli and Salmonella typhi. The fish pathogens bind with metallic NPs that can then be easily extracted fromwater using a magnet. PLGA nanoparticles injected into zebrafish embryos successfully controlled Mycobacteriummarinum. Tagging andNanobarcoding. Tags can hold more information and can be scanned from a distance using a tracking device. It can be employed to monitor the metabolism, swimming pattern and feeding behavior of fish. A nanobarcode is a monitoring device with which the processing industry and exporters can monitor the source or track the delivery status of their aquaculture product until it reaches market. This barcode consists of metallic stripes containing nanoparticles, where variations in the striping provide the method of encoding information (Rather et al. 2013). FishNutrition. Nutraceuticals offer very promising health benefits in aquaculture. Care should be taken while handling to avoid nutrient leaching and wastage as they are very expensive. Nanotechnology enhances the bioavailability, bioaccessibility and hence efficacy of nutrients by improving their solubility and protection from the harsh environment of the gut. NPs are effective for 1) micronutrient delivery such, as chitosan NPs, delivery of unstable and or hydro-soluble micronutrients such as Vitamin C, 2) changing the physical properties of feed pellets, resulting in more compaction than usual that decreases nutrient leaching and their subsequent waste released and 3) in growth promotion, such as nano-iron, nano-selenium, TiO2 and nano-zinc oxide (Table 1). Challenges Amidst several beneficial properties, NPs are also known for their adverse effects. The microscopic size of nanoparticles is a gift but on the other hand can be dangerous. It can cross biological barriers (membranes) easily. Many of the metal-based nanoparticles can cause metal toxicity. Iron oxide NPS (≥10 mg/L) can result in the development of toxicity in the embryos of zebrafish, causing mortality, hatching delay and malformation (Zhu et al. 2012). Cu NPs can cause organ injuries in fishes (Al-Bairuty et al. 2013). Heavy metal NPs cannot be easily excreted out of the fish via kidney that can cause biomagnification of heavy metals. Conclusion Nanotechnology can play a role in the development and sustainability of aquaculture; however, there is a growing concern about the toxicity of NP usage. Use of biological nanoparticles such as chitosan, PLGA should be promoted and the use of metalbased NPs should be controlled. An array of different methods has been employed for nanoparticle synthesis and the emerging use of ‘green’ synthetic methods appears safer and more environmentally friendly. The potentials of nanotechnology are not yet completely exploited in aquaculture, warranting further research and development in this area to enhance aquaculture production. Notes S. Sreelekshmy, P. Aparna Ramanan, V.J Rejish Kumar, Department of Aquaculture, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi 682506, India. Corresponding author: rejishkumar@gmail.com References Al-Bairuty, G.A., B.J. Shaw, R.D. Handy and T.B. Henry. 2013. Histopathological effects of waterborne copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on the organs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquatic Toxicology 126:104-115. Asaikkutti, A., P.S. Bhavan, K. Vimala, M. Karthik and P. Cheruparambath. 2016. 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