68 SEP TEMBER 2022 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WA S .ORG toxicity in a fresh water common carp fish (Cyprinus carpio). Nanomedicine Journal 2:88-110. Meshkini, S., A.A. Tafy, A. Tukmechi and F. Farhang-Pajuh. 2012. Effects of chitosan on hematological parameters and stress resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Veterinary Research Forum 3:49-54. Mohammadi, N. and A. Tukmechi. 2015.The effects of iron nanoparticles in combination with Lactobacillus casei on growth parameters and probiotic counts in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine. Journal of Veterinary Research 70:47-53. Muralisankar, T., P. Saravana Bhavan, S. Radhakrishnan, C. Seenivasan and V. Srinivasan. 2016. The effect of copper nanoparticles supplementation on freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) post larvae. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 34:39-49. Rather, M.A, R. Sharma, S. Gupta, S. Ferosekhan, V. Ramya and S.B. Jadhao. 2013. Chitosan-nanoconjugated hormone nanoparticles for sustained surge of gonadotropins and enhanced reproductive output in female fish. PLoS One 8:e57094. Sharif Rohani, M., M. Haghighi and S. Bazari Moghaddam. 2017. Study on nanoparticles of Aloe vera extract on growth performance, survival rate and body composition in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16:457-468. Skjermo, J. and Ø. Bergh. 2004. High-M alginate immunostimulation of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) larvae using Artemia for delivery, increases resistance against vibriosis. Aquaculture 238:107-113. Vimal, S., G. Taju, K.N. Nambi, S.A. Majeed, V.S. Babu, M. Ravi and A.S. Hameed. 2012. Synthesis and characterization of CS/TPP nanoparticles for oral delivery of gene in fish. Aquaculture 358:1422. Yeh, S.P., C.A. Chang, C.Y. Chang, C.H. Liu andW. Cheng. 2008. Dietary sodium alginate administration affects fingerling growth and resistance to Streptococcus sp. and iridovirus, and juvenile non-specific immune responses of the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 25:19-27. Zhu, X., S. Tian and Z. Cai. 2012. Toxicity assessment of iron oxide nanoparticles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. PLoS One 7:e46286. RECENT FAO PUBLICATION While diversified aquaculture could reduce both biological and financial risks, the private sector may lack incentives to diversify the species composition of aquaculture production because developing or adopting new species tends to be costly and risky. Conversely, concentrating on the most efficient species can benefit from economies of scale in both production andmarketing. With evergrowing concerns over climate change, disease outbreaks, market fluctuations and other uncertainties, species diversification has become an increasingly prominent strategy for sustainable aquaculture development. Policy and planning on species diversification require a holistic, sector-wide perspective to assess the overall prospect of individually promising species that may not be entirely successful when competing for limited resources andmarkets. The historical experiences of species diversification in global aquaculture can provide guidance for the assessment. This paper develops a benchmarking system to examine species diversification patterns in around 200 countries for three decades to generate information and insights in support of evidence-based policy and planning in aquaculture development. The systemuses “effective number of species” (ENS) as a diversity measure that is essentially equivalent to, yet more intuitive than, the widely used Shannon Index. A statistical model is established to estimate a benchmark ENS for each country and construct a benchmarking species diversification index (BSDI) to compare a country’s species diversification with global experiences. Key results are presented and discussed in the main text; andmore comprehensive results are documented in Appendix II. The benchmarking system can be used in foresight analyses to help design or refine future production targets (including species composition) in policy and planning for aquaculture development; an example is provided in Appendix I to help practitioners better understand and utilize the system. Authors: J.N. Cai, X. Yan and P.S. Leung. Available at https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8335en.
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