WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2023 35 approximately 15 kg/ha, which is about 25 percent of the harvest at Banchong farm. However, the operation of this production model is simplified and mechanized by innovations of the owner, with a customized motorboat for spreading the fertilizer and mixing the pond bottom nutrients to maximize yield and nutrient use efficiency. He also made his own dredge net to collect the Artemia and has developed a series of pond and tank units to store, sort, pack and preserve the harvested Artemia (Figs. 6-8). Because of low management cost and cheaper nutrient use the production cost is only US$0.25/kg and he can make a similar annual profit by selling the Artemia at a lower price (US$1.30/kg) to his clients. Conclusion These two approaches of outdoor pond Artemia production can be a tool for climate change adaptation in areas likely to be impacted by high salinity intrusion. The current use of Artemia biomass is limited to live food for fish and crustaceans in maturation facilities, hatcheries and nurseries. There is also a potential beyond live food. As practiced already in Vietnam and Bangladesh, Artemia can be used as human food. In the future the potential for use as a replacement for fishmeal can be considered and as a feed additive in fish feed for enhancing performance of plant-based ingredients. However, to be able to go beyond current use and scaling, we need to work on safety standards of Artemia, especially when produced from waste nutrients, intensify production or lower the production cost to be competitive as a fishmeal replacement and testing the performance as a feed additive. If all outcomes are positive, Artemia can be a future food and feed ingredient. Notes Anand Tunsutapanich, Senior Expert on marine shrimp aquaculture, Department of Fisheries, Thailand Banchong Nissagavanich, shrimp/prawn/Artemia farmer, Vice President of Thai Shrimp Producer’s Association, Chachoengsao, Thailand Tanan Sanggontanagit, Artemia biomass farmer, Phetchaburi, Thailand Montakan Tamtin, Director of Kung Krabaen Bay Royal Development Study Center, Department of Fisheries, Chanthaburi, Thailand Kazi Ahmed Kabir, CIRAD, UMR ISEM, Montpellier, France and Aquaculture & Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands Patrick Sorgeloos, Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium References Kongkeo, H. and S. Wilkinson. 2005. Recycling water and making money. Aquaculture Asia 10(3):18-20. Sahavacharin, S. 1981. Ways to convert salt farm to Artemia farm. Thai Fisheries Gazette 34(5):467-480. FIGURE 7. Concentrated Artemia biomass. FIGURE 8. Frozen Artemia for preservation, transport and long-term use. These two approaches of outdoor pond Artemia production can be a tool for climate change adaptation in areas likely to be impacted by high salinity intrusion. The current use of Artemia biomass is limited to live food for fish and crustaceans in maturation facilities, hatcheries and nurseries. There is also a potential beyond live food. As practiced already in Vietnam and Bangladesh, Artemia can be used as human food. In the future the potential for use as a replacement for fishmeal can be considered and as a feed additive in fish feed for enhancing performance of plant-based ingredients. However, to be able to go beyond current use and scaling, we need to work on safety standards of Artemia, especially when produced from waste nutrients, intensify production or lower the production cost to be competitive as a fishmeal replacement and testing the performance as a feed additive. If all outcomes are positive, Artemia can be a future food and feed ingredient.
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