74 DECEMBER • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG References Abdel-Tawwab, M., M.N. Monier, S.H. Hoseinifar, and C. Faggio. 2019. Fish response to hypoxia stress: growth, physiological, and immunological biomarkers. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 45:997-1013. Akegbejo-Samsons, Y. 2022. Aquaculture and Fisheries Production in Africa: Highlighting Potentials and Benefits for Food Security. Pages 171-190 in H. Mupambwa, A. Nciizah, P. Nyambo, B. Muchara, and N. Gabriel, editors. Food Security for African Smallholder Farmers. Springer, Singapore. Aly, S.M. and M.A. Essa. 2018. Studies on myxosporean parasites infecting some cultured fishes in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 44:145-151. Amponsah, S. K., D. D. Azumah, and S. K. Agyakwah. 2025. Aquaculture in Africa: Production Systems, Challenges, and Opportunities. Emerging Trends in Fisheries-Sustainable Practices and New Perspectives: Sustainable Practices and New Perspectives, 21. Ashley, P.J. 2007. 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Diagnostic guide to important diseases of aquaculture in Southern Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Major Diseases of Farmed Fish in Africa Pathogen Type Key Diseases / Pathogens Main Regions Main Hosts Viruses Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV); ISKNV; Egypt, Ghana, Tanzania, Tilapia, Seabass, Mixed spp. Lymphocystis Uganda, S. Africa Bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila (MAS); Flavobacterium Widespread (esp. Egypt, Tilapia, Catfish, Trout columnare; Streptococcus agalactiae; Edwardsiella Uganda, Kenya, S. Africa) ictaluri; Francisella spp.; Yersinia ruckeri Fungi & Oomycetes Saprolegnia spp.; Branchiomyces spp. (Gill Rot) S. Africa, Kenya, Egypt All freshwater species Protozoa Ichthyophthirius (Ich); Trichodina; Myxobolus spp.; Widespread (esp. Uganda, Tilapia, Catfish, Carp Coccidia Egypt, S. Africa) Monogenea Gyrodactylus (Skin fluke); Dactylogyrus (Gill fluke); Widespread Tilapia, Carp, Catfish Cichlidog yrus Digenea Metacercariae (encysted flukes) Widespread Multiple species Crustacea Lernaea (Anchor Worm); Argulus (Fish Louse); S. Africa, Kenya, Egypt Tilapia, Carp, Catfish Ergasilus (Gill Louse) Helminths Contracaecum (Nematodes); Tapeworms (Cestodes) S. Africa, Egypt Tilapia, Carp, Mixed spp. Sources: Ferguson et al. (2014); El-Sayed (2020); Fuglem & Brito (2020); OIE (2023) and others.
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