Reproduction in all vertebrates, including fish is controlled by the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) reproductive axis. Kisspeptins (Kiss) encoded by kiss genes are one of the prime upstream regulator of BPG axis and regulates the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). These Kiss and GnRH peptides stimulate secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate steroidogenesis in the gonads resulting in modulation of reproductive cycle. Gonadal sex steroids, in turn feedback the brain-pituitary axis to exert positive and negative effects. Previous studies indicated that Nile tilapia expresses kiss2 (Gen Bank accession no. JN565693) and three gnrh (gnrh1, gnrh2 and gnrh 3; AB101665-7) forms in the brain (Parhar et al., 1998; Ogawa et al., 2013). In the Nile tilapia, all three GnRH neuronal populations express kisspeptin receptors, and suggested to be an important signal for GnRH neuronal migration and gonadal development. The other regulators of kiss and gnrh expression in the Nile tilapia shown to be thyroid hormone and estrogens (Parhar et al., 2000, 2004). Immunocytochemical studies have indicated an involvement of GnRH1 (seabream GnRH form) during early development and sexual differentiation (Swapna et al., 2008). GnRH1 and GnRH3 neurons control reproductive function through modulating pituitary fsh (AF289174) and lh (AY541609) expression (Rosenfeld et al., 1997). However, dopamine inhibits gonadotropin release from the pituitary of tilapia (Levavi-Sivan and Yaron, 1995). To understand the duality of pituitary gonadotropins, specific ELISAs for measurement of FSH and LH in Nile tilapia have already been developed (Aizen et al., 2007). Recent studies have indicated that gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH, LPXRFa; KF444208) and neurokinin B (NKB, KF471673) acts directly on the pituitary cells independent from GnRH or Kiss peptides (Biran et al., 2014; Ogawa et al., 2016). Emerging studies suggest that Kiss-GnRH pathway could be involved in reproductive and non-reproductive functions; however not necessary in the activation of BPG axis. Reproductive axis of tilapia has been shown to be modulated by a number of central and peripheral factors and their importance in controlled reproduction will be presented.