The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is among the most important fish species for Uganda’s rapidly growing aquaculture sector. The faster growth rates, higher survival rates, and resistance to environmental conditions have led to increased demand for improved African catfish broodstock and fish seed by farmers. Until recently, most studies of this species have focused on nutrition, physiology, and culture systems, with little known about the genetics, broodstock, and genetic management of different populations of wild and cultured C. gariepinus. Most hatcheries in Uganda typically obtain broodstock either from natural water bodies, without adhering to scientific selection guidelines, or from genetically degenerated stocks maintained in fish farms for extended periods without replacement. This practice has led to inbreeding depression, resulting in poor seed quality and reduced performance.
To establish a selective breeding program for optimizing catfish production, a survey was conducted across multiple catfish hatcheries and farms in Uganda. Using semi-structured questionnaires, the study assessed hatchery propagation methods, the suitability of various populations, and broodstock management practices, challenges, and prospects. Responses were coded and analyzed using Microsoft Excel (2021), applying both descriptive and inferential statistics. Key findings revealed that 70% of hatcheries sourced broodstock from fellow farmers, while 30% still relied on wild-caught broodstock, particularly from Lake Victoria. The average broodstock holding capacity ranged from 50 to 250 individuals per annum, with fewer than 25 families per hatchery, and less than 50% contributing to broodstock replacement. This low effective population size (Ne) increases the risk of inbreeding depression. Additionally, 46% of farmers hatch and select their broodstock, with over 90% prioritizing shooters (fast-growing cannibalistic fish) under the assumption that they have superior breeding value for growth. All farmers induce spawning using synthetic hormones (Ovaprim and Ovatide), and at the same time, 98% still sacrifice males to collect sperm. The reported hatchability rate was 60%, with a 60% survival rate from larvae to fry. On average, fingerlings (~2.0 g) required two months to grow, being fed commercial micro-diets. The study identified poor-quality broodstock as the primary challenge, followed by poor water quality and inadequate feeds. While the African catfish aquaculture industry in Uganda is expanding rapidly, certain hatchery practices pose significant risks to its sustainability if not properly addressed.
KEY WORDS: Hatchery, Catfish, Uganda, Propagation, Population, practices.