Aquaculture biosecurity is fundamental to prevent the introduction, establishment, and spread of diseases among aquatic animals. This study aimed to characterize the knowledge and practices related to biosecurity in rainbow trout establishments at La Cocha Lake, in Nariño, Colombia.
A cross-sectional observational study was conducted through on-site semi-structured interviews at 47 aquaculture establishments. The questionnaire was adapted from a tool designed by the Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI) based on international guidelines (WOAH Aquatic Code), national regulations, and the risk factors identified in previous studies. The questionary covered biosecurity knowledge and practices related to sanitary monitoring, veterinary medicinal products use, animal welfare, and management practices.
Key findings showed a limited implementation of effective biosecurity measures despite of a high level of knowledge regarding risks and diseases causes. Practices such as requesting health certificates for new animals, applying quarantine, and conducting laboratory diagnostics were infrequent. Although many producers could identify diseases based on empirical knowledge, access to formal training, and advise from professional veterinary assistance was limited. Most establishments did not conduct routine necropsies, laboratory diagnostics, or notify unusual mortality events to authorities. The use of antibiotics was common, often without veterinary prescription or susceptibility testing, increasing risks of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, most of the establishments didn’t have written biosecurity programs or operational protocols, and record-keeping was rare.
These findings highlight the urgent need to strengthen biosecurity capacity through targeted training programs, closer veterinary involvement, and improved communication between producers and regulatory institutions.
The findings provide valuable insights for designing specific strategies to improve biosecurity implementation in the local and national aquaculture industry. This investigation also serves as a starting point for new research projects in the field and as an initial study to assess the applicability of the NVI-developed questionnaire for rainbow trout.