World Aquaculture 65 which the granulocytes inhibit the invasive hyphae is unclear. The size of the hyphae precludes phagocytosis, although multinucleated giant cells were seen to encapsulate the mycelium when non-susceptible common carp were injected with A. invadans. Humoral components of the innate immune system, such as complement and lysozyme have also been associated with resistance to fungi. Control Measures Control of EUS in wild populations is impossible in most cases. Selection of resistant species for culture purposes currently appears to be the most effective means of farm level control. Where changing culture species is not an option, measures should be taken to eradicate or exclude the fungus, such as drying and liming of ponds prior to stocking, exclusion of wild fish, use of prophylactically treated, hatchery reared fry, use of well water, salt bath treatments and disinfection of contaminated nets and equipment. Treatment Lime: 100-600 kg /ha, KMnO4: 1-10 mg/L was found effective. Prophylactic treatment: Application of CaO @ 50 kg /ha and after one week application of bleaching powder @ 0.5 mg/L. Therapeutic: Application of CaO @ 100 kg/ha and after one week application of bleaching powder @ 1 mg/L, sodium chloride as bath treatment @ concentration 3-4 % and CIFAX is applied @ 1 L/ha. Suggestive Management Strategies Certain management strategies can be suggested to control the onset and spread of the EUS in pond culture systems: • In a pond soil of slightly acidic pH, periodical liming should be practiced to elevate the pH level • Periodical racking of the pond bottom, controlled use of feed and manure should be practiced to reduce the organic load of the culture environment • Stocking density should be maintained at optimum level • Immunostimulants, probiotic formulations can be used as prophylactic measures • Therapeutic treatments by using lime, sodium chloride, formalin, potassium permanganate and commercially available anti-EUS formulations can be undertaken to control the disease situation • Routine monitoring of the culture system should be done for early detection of EUS • Histopathology, microscopy, immunodiagnostics, and nucleic acid based diagnostics can be used for detection of causative agent which calls for institutional participate. Notes 1Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium 2 Central Institute of Fisheries Education,Versova, Mumbai-400061, India 3College of Fisheries, CAU (I), Lembucherra, Tripura-799210, India *Corresponding author: debtanu08@gmail.com, Mobile- +32488191632 References Chinabut, S., R.J. Roberts, L.G. Willoughby and M.D. Pearson. 1995. Histopathology of snakehead, Channa striatus (Bloch), experimentally infected with specific Aphanomyces fungus associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) at different temperatures, Journal of Fish Diseases 20: 135-144. Das, M.K. 1997. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) in fishes – its present status in India. CICFRI (ICAR), Bull. No. 69. Egusa, S. and N. Masuda. 1971. A new fungal disease of Plecoglossus altivelis. Fish Pathology 6: 41-46. Hargis, W.J. 1985. Quantitative effects of marine diseases on fish and shellfish populations. 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Rha, T. Kondoh, H. Suda, K. Hataiand and H. Ishii. 1996. Histopathological comparison between ayu and carp artificially infected with Aphanomyces piscicida. Fish Pathology 31: 71-80. Fig 5. Lesions appeared as large necrotic ulcers.
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