World Aquaculture 1 WORLD AQUACULTURE Magazine World Aquaculture magazine is published by the World Aquaculture Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. Tel: +1-225-578-3137; Fax: +1-225-578-3493; e-mail: carolm@was.org. World Aquaculture Society Home Page: http://www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2010-2011 President, Dr. Ricardo Martino President-elect, Dr. Kevan Main Past President, Dr. Jay Parsons Secretary, Dr. Rebecca Lochmann Treasurer, Dr. William Daniels DIRECTORS Dr. Michael Schwarz Dr. Jeong Yeol Lee Dr. David Little Dr. Yoram Avnimelech Dr. Juan Pablo Lazo Dr. Jimmy Avery CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Lucas Manomaitis (Asian Pacific) Michael Schwarz (USAS) Maria Celia Portello (Latin America and Caribbean) Dr. Sungchul Charles Bai (Korea) Hiroshi Fushimi (Japan) HOME OFFICE STAFF Carol Mendoza, Director, carolm@was.org Judy E. Andrasko, Assistant Director, JudyA@was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF Robert R. Stickney, Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum, Editor Amy Broussard, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302 Valley Center, CA 92082 Tel: +1-760-751-5005; Fax: +1-760-751-5003 e-mail: worldaqua@aol.com Manuscripts and Correspondence: Submit two (2) copies of all manuscripts and one (1) copy of correspondence to Mary Nickum, Editor, World Aquaculture Magazine, 16201 E. Keymar Drive, Fountain Hills, AZ 85268 USA. E-mail: mjnickum@ gmail.com. Letters to the Editor or other comments should be addressed to Editor-in-Chief Robert R. Stickney, 2700 Earl Rudder Freeway South, Suite 1800, College Station, TX 77845 USA. World Aquaculture (ISSN Number 1041-5602) is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. Library subscriptions are $50 annually for United States addresses, and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $45; Individuals, $65; Corporations (for-profit), $255; Sustaining, $105 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals), $1,100; E-Membership, $10 (no publications, meeting discounts and not an active member in last five years). Periodicals Postage paid at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for a subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. Postmaster: Send address changes to the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. ©2011, The World Aquaculture Society. ■ W RLD AQUACULTURE Vol. 42 No. 4 December 2011 Cover photo: The river water source for this government facility in Nepal contained high levels of fine suspended sand, much of which settled out in the raceways. (Photo by Robert R. Stickney) (Continued on page 2) 12 Seaweed nutri-biotechnology: Adding value to aquaculture feed Upasana Mishra, Soibam Khogen Singh, S. Dam Roy, Pronob Das, S. C. Mandal and N. Ashalaxmi 15 Problems and solutions in the aquaculture sector in Turkey Ayşe Gül Harlioğlu 27 Moritella viscosa, a pathogenic bacterium affecting the fillet quality in fish Hans-Christian Ingerslev and Michael Engelbrecht Nielsen 29 Feed composition and oxidative stability of rainbow trout during frozen storage Charlotte Jacobsen, Grethe Hyldig and Caroline P. Baron 34 Environmental changes and their impact on seaweed farming in Tanzania Flower E. Msuya 38 Nutrient recovery and production of tidal water exchangebased coastal shrimp ponds of the southeast coast of Bangladesh Prabal Barua and M. Shah Nawaz Chowdhury 44 Modern approach of composite fish culture — the examples of Andhra Pradesh (India) to emulate Sagar C. Mandal, Debtanu Barman and Pronob Das 48 Value-added products from aquaculture: A global trend A. A. Gonçalves and C. Kaiser 54 Seahorse aquaculture in Viet Nam Truong Si Ky 58 Paddy cum fish culture in north-eastern states of India: A better scope in the exploitation of resources Asem Sanjit Singh, Manoharmayum Shaya Devi, Sagar C. Mandal and Debtanu Barman
2 December 2011 Happy Holidays! May 2012 bring peace and prosperity for all. Bob Mary Amy 63 Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)— A great concern in modern aquaculture Debtanu Barman, Vikash Kumar and Sagar C. Mandal Society 4 Taking the helm 5 World Aquaculture Society — Financial Report 6 LACC announces new Board of Directors 7 USAS President’s column 8 Remembering Dean Farrell 9 Honorary Life Member Elek Woynarovich dies 10 Graduate student opportunities in Brazil 18 President´s column 21 AQUACULTURE AMERICA returns to Las Vegas 68 Calendar 68 Advertisers’ Index 72 Membership Application Contents (continued)
World Aquaculture 3 Editor’s note This issue of World Aquaculture is the last one for which I will have served as Editor-in-Chief. John Hargreaves, who is very well qualified, has been selected as the next Editor-in-Chief. A guest editorial in which he introduces himself to the readership appears in this issue. I retired from my position as Director of the Texas Sea Grant College Program and Professor of Oceanography on 31 August of this year. When I finally made the decision to retire, I decided to relinquish my editing activities with respect to World Aquaculture with this December 2011 issue. It was 1998 when I was asked by the WAS board to take over the position of Editor-in-Chief of this magazine. After the board members did a bit of arm-twisting, I told them my only request was to be allowed to select the staff that would be working with me. I had in mind Amy Broussard as layout editor. She was heading up the communications arm of Texas Sea Grant (the Marine Information Service) and had been responsible for creating and laying out a very successful quarterly magazine that was published for several years by Texas Sea Grant. My good friend and colleague Lou D’Abramo continued to serve as editor for a year or two, after which Mary Nickum assumed that position. Colin Nash also served with Mary as an editor for a period. Mary has been responsible for soliciting articles and doing the initial editing to get manuscripts in the proper format. Both Amy and Mary have been a delight to work with. They deserve the credit for all the positives associated with the magazine, and as final copy editor, I deserve the blame for the errors that have crept in from time to time. The accomplishment of which I am most proud is that as a team we have managed to publish every issue and have it in the mail to our members during the month that is printed on the cover (March, June, September or December). The World Aquaculture Society has been a part of my life since its second year of existence. It began as the World Mariculture Society and only became WAS after several years. The group that assembled in 1969 to found the society was audacious in selecting their name for it, since the organization for several years had a membership that was nearly entirely comprised of North Americans. Question: Can you name another scientific society that truly believes that it is global? Most (all?) are nation, continent or region specific. WAS now has members from each of the continents, except Antarctica, but insofar as I know, penguins don’t join scientific societies. As it turned out, the selection for the society name by the founding members was prescient. Over the years the society has evolved, not only from the broadening of its focus on mariculture to the more inclusive term aquaculture, but also to begin holding meetings outside of North America. The leadership of the society has also evolved. For many years the board was almost entirely comprised of individuals from the United States and Canada, along with the occasional European. Today, the board has members from around the world, the annual conferences move around the globe from year to year, with the exception that the triennial meetings sponsored by WAS along with the Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society and the National Shellfisheries Association are held in North America. Of significance, the financial condition of the society is sound. The annual meetings seem to set new attendance records each year. It’s a far cry from the period in the early 1990s when Bill Hershberger, followed by me and then Lou D’Abramo served as Was presidents. A frequent topic of discussion at our meetings was which of the three of us would turn out the lights and shut down the society. Of course that never happened. In fact, the society has not only survived, but is much stronger today than any time in its history. I’m pleased to say that the same is true for World Aquaculture magazine. At the same time I know that the magazine can be improved. I look forward to seeing how the magazine evolves under John Hargreaves and wish him all the best in taking World Aquaculture to the next level. I treasure the friendships that I’ve made with so many WAS members from a wide range of countries over the years. Seeing friends old and new at WAS meetings has always been a highlight when I’ve attended meetings sponsored by the society or one of its chapters or affiliates. As I shut down my magazine office (physically located in my home), I close with a quote from Douglas Adams. “So long, and thanks for all the fishes.” — Robert R. Stickney, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief
4 December 2011 Taking the helm I have agreed to become the next Editor-in-Chief of World Aquaculture magazine, taking over from Bob Stickney with the March 2012 issue. I’m excited about the opportunity, but a certain amount of anxiety accompanies my decision because Bob and the magazine team have developed a high-quality publication and there are elevated standards to uphold. It’s a bit like reaching out to grab a fast-moving train from a dead stop. I know that my metaphorical arm will not be ripped from its socket because the system in place is solid and functioning well. I know that the magazine team will pull me up along the learning curve very quickly. I hope the readership will forgive or overlook any blemishes that appear in the next few issues. For these, I will – in advance – take full responsibility. Given that WAS is 3,000 members strong, it is obvious that most of you do not know who I am and what makes me qualified to be the new Editor-in-Chief. Rather than give you a full resumè, let me simply state that my career in aquaculture spans more than three decades. I have experience working as a university research scientist and, more recently, as an independent consultant to the commercial sector and for development projects. I joined WAS in 1983, shortly after attending my first conference in Washington, DC (USA). I have been an Associate Editor of the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society for 16 years, so I have abundant experience editing manuscripts. There are also a few edited books out there that some readers might find of interest. Cumulatively, this experience gives me confidence that I can rise to the challenge of shepherding the magazine onward. In thinking about the future and how the magazine might change, especially in this moment of transition, it is useful to look back and examine our humble origins. I remember the days of the short-lived 16-page WAS Newsletter that emerged once the proceedings of the annual meetings were discontinued and replaced by the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society in 1986. The first issue of World Aquaculture magazine appeared in 1988. On the inside front cover of that issue, the first editor, Dave Aiken, wrote an editorial to introduce the magazine that was prescient and remains relevant today. His vision for a magazine with articles characterized by “brevity, lucidity, practical significance, and general interest” intended for an audience that is “a mix of lay and professional, scientist and entrepreneur” has largely come to fruition. This will continue to be the operational guidance for World Aquaculture magazine. It is not often that new leaders state their intention to uphold the status quo, but this is my goal, at least for now, until I get my editorial legs beneath me and the magazine team is operating in synchrony. A recent survey suggests that the membership is generally satisfied with the magazine as currently configured. Any initial changes that come will be small and guided by the idea of improving the quality and relevance of magazine content. The magazine has not been, nor will it ever be all things to every member, but there should be at least one article in each issue that will strike a chord. The magazine should always be worth skimming all the way through. Research articles are favored by the membership, so these will continue to be the bedrock of the magazine. If possible, we’ll continue to try to publish articles about aquaculture near the site of upcoming annual conferences. The magazine will continue to be an important source of gray literature and represent an important publication outlet for young scientists or researchers in developing countries. Some members have expressed interest in expanding the presence of the magazine on the WAS website. For now, it is a matter that remains under discussion. Having been involved with the WAS website from the very beginning, I know that the web presence will continue to expand, with or without the magazine. Issues related to cost and broad accessibility of magazine content will likely drive the ultimate decision. The magazine is bound by economic considerations, and for that, the Executive Director of the Society, John Cooksey, plays the critical role of soliciting advertising for the magazine. The link between vendors at trade shows and advertising in the magazine is good, but there’s always room for greater participation. The contribution and support by the suppliers of goods and services to aquaculture is critical to the sustainability of the magazine. Advertising was cited most often by membership survey respondents as the feature of the magazine that was least liked, but it is simply not possible to have the magazine without advertising. The subsidy for the magazine from the Society represents a major cost item in the WAS budget. The Society leadership continues to recognize and support World Aquaculture magazine as an instrument of a central policy and role of WAS as a provider of high quality and relevant technical information. Among the range of WAS publications, which includes the journal and book series, the magazine fills a unique niche that complements the other publications. Gazing upon the 16-inch compressed stack of World Aquaculture magazines on my bookshelf, I marvel at the considerable effort invested in producing those many issues. Bob Stickney deserves the gratitude and acclaim of the membership for his long years of service to the society as magazine editor, more than 13 years by my reckoning. I note that he is a recent recipient of the highest honor that WAS can bestow – the Honorary Life Membership. Without question, he is most deserving of this award. Good luck with your future endeavors, Bob, and enjoy your retirement. (Continued on page 7)
World Aquaculture 5 World Aquaculture Society — Financial Report For the fiscal year ending March 31, 2011, the World Aquaculture Society experienced an increase of $90,461 in net assets (total assets minus total liabilities) from the previous year This increase was principally due to revenues from conferences and sound fiscal management from the Board and Home Office management to limit expenses. The financial situation over the past several fiscal years reflects well upon the overall health of the society: in a stable membership (although down in recent years), successful annual and chapter conferences, and production and distribution of high quality publications, including the journal, magazine, and sales of WAS and non-WAS books on the on-line book store. The outstanding accounting services by the WAS Home Office provides a solid fiscal foundation for our society. Our financial statements were audited by the independent accounting firm of T. A. Harris, Inc. in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. These modified cash basis financial statements reflect account balances based on cash receipts and disbursements and are considered “modified” cash basis statements due to the recording of cash disbursed for equipment as assets and the provision for depreciation on the equipment over their estimated useful lives. WAS undertakes a number of ongoing and future joint efforts in the organization of our annual conference with other associations. While the responsibility for conference-related assets and liabilities is shared among the partners, the revenues and expenses are mostly handled by WAS and the statements reflect the overall assets and liabilities related to our conferences, rather than just the proportional assets and liabilities for WAS. A comparative summary from the audited financial statements of the past five fiscal years is shown below. Summarized statement (Modified Cash Basis): Assets, liabilities and net assets for fiscal years ending March 31 Fiscal Year 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Cash and investments $986,953 $965,673 $728,923 $858,257 $710,476 Net fixed assets after depreciation $5,847 $5,094 $7,211 $4,465 $1,961 Total assets $992,800 $970,767 $736,134 $862,722 $712,437 Liabilities ($98,678) ($167,106) ($81,425) ($190,682) ($158,666) Net assets $894,122 $803,661 $654,709 $672,040 $553,771 Revenues collected, expenses paid and changes in net revenues for fiscal years ending March 31 Fiscal Year 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Revenue collected $661,639 $724,047 $602,126 $657,647 $648,133 Expenses paid ($571,178) ($575,095) ($619,457) ($539,378) ($629,020) Change in net revenues $90,461 $148,952 ($17,331) $118,269 $19,113 Components of revenues and expenses for fiscal years ending March 31 Fiscal Year 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Revenues Dues and home office 17% 18% 22% 29% 22% Conferences 57% 57% 54% 46% 47% Publications 14% 16% 17% 17% 20% Other 12% 9% 7% 8% 11% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Expenses (as a percent of total revenues) Dues and home office 23% 21% 24% 19% 24% Conferences 37% 29% 40% 35% 33% Publications 21% 24% 25% 20% 24% Other 5% 5% 14% 9% 10% Total 86% 79% 103% 83% 92% Excess 14% 21% -3% 17% 8%
6 December 2011 This WAS financial report includes data from the past five years. Due to the nature of the timing of our Society’s conferences and meetings, cash basis revenues and expenses for any one period may vary significantly from other single periods. For example, only chapter meetings were held in the fiscal year 2010-2011 that ended in March 31, 2011, with no WAS annual meeting being held. However, some funds from Aquaculture 10 in San Diego (March 2010) were carried over into this fiscal year. Conferences continue to account for a significant portion of the revenues and expenses for the society; hence, the long-term financial strength of the society and the success of a meeting are predicated on good attendance and participation by WAS members. In 20102011, our cash and investments increased despite the many uncertainties associated with the global economy. To facilitate fiscal stability and long-term planning, the WAS Board of Directors considers at least a three-year planning horizon. The current net assets of $894,122 provides an important buffer that allows for the continued but cautious emphasis on internationalization of the society in terms of meeting venues, support for chapter development and promotion of novel initiatives for information and knowledge exchange. In addition, the WAS Board of Directors, as part of our long-term financial strategy, continues to build up a balanced and diversified investment portfolio to a level that, at a minimum, would equal our annual budget expenses. By striving to increase our investments to a level of our annual expenses, this will put the society in a stronger financial position, whereby we would have a lower risk of financial hardship should a catastrophic financial event within the society ever occur. Making sound investments has been challenging given the global economy, but the Board continues to move cautiously in this area. In summary, WAS maintains a stable financial position with continued long-term positive monetary outcomes of our activities to date and for the future. Respectfully submitted to the WAS membership, Bill Daniels, WAS Treasurer LACC announces new Board of Directors During the latest meeting of the Latin American and Caribbean Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society (LACC/ WAS) held during the World Aquaculture 2011, in Natal, Brazil, the new LACC Board of Directors (BOD) was announced. The new board, that comprises predominately aquaculture researchers, was elected in May 2011 and will serve for a one-year term. Maria Celia Portella, professor at The Sao Paulo State University, Aquaculture Center, Brazil, was elected President. The new treasurer is Carlos A. Alvarez González, from Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Mexico. For the posts of Secretary and Director, two Brazilian researchers, Patricia Moraes Valenti (Sao Paulo State University) and Maria José Ranzani Paiva (Fisheries Institute) were chosen. Also serving in the BOD are the Past President Juan Pablo Lazo (Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education at Ensenada, Mexico), Marcelo Shei as student representative (doctoral student from Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil) and Paulo Carneiro, from the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, who will remain in the BOD for one more year. The LACC meeting was held on June 10th, organized by the LACC Past President, Juan Pablo Lazo. Along with about 30 members of the chapter, two Past Presidents (Ricardo Martino, current WAS President, and Rodrigo Roubach) and some of the newly elected officers (Maria Portella, Patricia Valenti and Maria Jose Ranzani-Paiva) were also present. During the meeting the LACC President emphasized the importance of aquaculture industry in Latin America and Caribbean, noting that the region is the one that combines the best characteristics and opportunities for significant expansion of fishery production, with potential of contributing to an increased supply of aquaculture products to international markets. The president also listened to numerous requests of the participants on how to improve communication on LACC activities with the members. She assured that the organization will work to provide more information about the aquaculture activities in the region, events, job opportunities, training and investment. It must also contribute to strengthen collaboration among the various segments that comprise aquaculture in the LACC domain. The recent excellent news is that the LACC was awarded the largest share of the profits of the World Aquaculture 2011 conference. Thus, we are committed to organize as early as in 2015 an All-Latin America & Caribbean meeting. Suggestions and proposals regarding other participating countries and events to jointly hold the event are welcome! — Maria Célia Portella LACC President (From left) Maria José Ranzani Pavia, Maria Célia Portella, Juan Pablo Lazo, Ricardo Martino, Patricia Moraes Valenti and Rodrigo Roubach.
World Aquaculture 7 I also want to acknowledge contributions of the other members of the magazine team – Mary Nickum and Amy Broussard. I am grateful that they will continue with me, at least for the foreseeable future. In conclusion, if there is a specific concern that you have about the magazine, please feel free to contact me directly so that we can evaluate the need to change. The magazine will continue to evolve and your voluntary contributions are essential to its success. I look forward to taking this journey together. — John Hargreaves Incoming Editor-in-Chief of WAM (Continued from page 4) Taking the Helm USAS President’s column By the time this column is printed, we will be close to the end of another exciting year in US aquaculture; one in which I have had the tremendous honor and privilege to serve as president of the United States Aquaculture Society, a chapter of the World Aquaculture Society. I wish to make note of some very interesting trends and mention a few ongoing initiatives affecting our society, members, and industry as a whole. As has been the trend for several years now, general funding and support of aquaculture research, extension and education have been strained via ongoing global economic challenges. In the US these economic issues have reduced aquaculture research and funding opportunities, resulting in ever-greater research and funding applications to ever-shrinking funding opportunities and budgets. However, from this adversity has arisen the opportunity to maintain and advance aquaculture through integration, collaboration and leveraging of resources from a broad slate of stakeholders to maintain the advancement of our industry and professions. These collaborations have included private, public and government agencies, and ranged the broad spectrum of our field. A direct result of these new types of collaborations has been what I have observed as an increased trend toward applied research more closely oriented to industrially identified issues. These types of collaborations are bringing together multiple stakeholders’ knowledge, infrastructure and funding resources, allowing not only for the continued advancement and development of our industry, but also I believe, in a more productive and applied fashion. I envision this trend to continue into 2012, and believe this trend is indeed accelerating the potential and capacity of the US, aquaculture industry. One new project is to help identify current and emerging issues and trends within aquaculture academia in the US. The Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society, the National Shellfisheries Association and the United States Aquaculture Society, in collaboration with the United States Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture and the Department of Agricultural and Extension Education at Virginia Tech developed an online questionnaire to collect data and information for a cooperative project titled: “A National Assessment of Aquaculture Education Programs at Postsecondary Institutions in the United States.” This assessment is designed to identify trends and issues with regard to aquaculture education directions, funding, and institutional support in the US. As you read this article, the survey will have already been completed, we will be analyzing the data and the results will be presented by Dr. Gary Jensen at the upcoming Aquaculture America Meeting in Las Vegas in 2012. I would also like to highlight the excellent program being put together by the Steering and Program Committees for Aquaculture America, 2012 which will be held in the ever-popular Las Vegas, February 29 – March 2, 2012. The program is rapidly expanding, with an excellent trade show assembling as well. Be sure to register for this early, reserve your hotels and plan for an enjoyable and informative week. Also note during registration the Professional Development/Continuing Education Workshop, to be held on Tuesday, February 28 prior to AA 2012. This continuing education workshop is titled: “The Next Generation of Statistics in Aquaculture – Mixed Models and Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM): A workshop using SAS® PROC GLIMMIX with real data examples. This is an excellent continuing education opportunity instructed by Dr. Walter Stroup from the Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska in Lincoln.” This workshop will serve as an introduction to mixed models, focusing on their application in aquaculture. Topics for discussion in the workshop will be: Review and definition of fixed, random and mixed models; how mixed model analysis builds upon and how it differs from previous generations of statistical analysis (why do mixed models matter?); statistical models for common applications including split-plot experiments and designs with repeated measures; how statistical analysis differs for normal and non-normal distribution of responses; and mixed model concepts of power, precision, and sample size essential for planning experiments. In closing, best wishes for your happy holidays, and a safe, healthy and prosperous New Year to each and every one of you. With kindest regards, Michael. — Michael Schwarz USAS President
8 December 2011 Remembering Dean Farrell Dean was born on 5 October 1931 and passed away recently, a little more than a week after his 80th birthday. He grew up in Minnesota. Dean joined the U.S. Army and, in 1950-51, served in the Korean War. That war made a big impression on him. He was wounded two or three times and had incredible stories, including being under fire in a foxhole along with the “enemy.” In the 1970s he owned and ran a fishing boat in the Caribbean and had a crew diving for spiny lobsters. The mid 1980s marked his venture into aquaculture research and he was most interested in tilapia aquaculture. He became well known at conferences and was ravenous for information, academic as well as what was happening in the real world. He traveled the world to see aquaculture facilities and became a walking aquaculture encyclopedia. He bought some land in Desert Hot Springs, California, in about 1996, and began building SeaGreen Biotechnology, his tilapia farm. He sold the farm in 2004, but remained interested in aquaculture and was forever continuing to learn and help people with answers to their questions. — Colin Bornia Dean was my best friend for many years. We go way back. Bill Engler and Dean were experimenting with acid titrations in California. This was the limited water exchange strategy to control NH3 via pH under 7. At the time it was a big discovery and Dean remained very proud of that. Dean talked to everyone and generated many new ideas and approaches to aquaculture science. He would ask me 26 questions and was disappointed in the answers to three. One was the lifespan of an algae cell, which I guessed at three days. The next week I received a box full of technical papers, 30 pounds to be sure, detailing the correct answer. Over the years he loved to play devil’s advocate to generate debate over aquaculture engineering and production issues. He was a very stimulating and unique individual who made significant contributions to our understanding of fish culture and recirculating systems. — Ray DeWandel I remember when Dean came to me following a lecture I gave, held my shirt, and started asking questions. I could answer the really basic questions but others raised points and topics I had not considered. Not too long after, I had dinner with him, talking about the physics of gas transfer to water, novel aeration systems, and the possibility of controlling ammonia toxicity through pH control. He seemed to know everything, yet curious to learn more, respecting whatever others would say. I got in the habit of meeting Dean and corresponding with him to learn about points I wrongly did not consider and work that I had not paid attention to. The astonishing fact was that Dean did not have formal academic education in aquaculture. He was a self-made man, learned by reading and participating in conferences and respecting whatever he read or heard, an attitude we often lack, assuming we know better. Dean’s approach was that he needed to know more and to learn from everyone. Dean lived alone and devoted all his thoughts to aquaculture. Besides his interest, devotion, and expertise in aquaculture, he was always ready to help anyone that requested advice. Several times I told him that he should charge a fee (and he needed the money) for the free advice he gave, often to people who could afford to pay and who could make a lot of money from this advice. He always told me that he enjoyed helping people and he did not want to charge them. Aquaculturists all over California would call him, ask questions, and request support. He always got into the problem, reviewed the issue, and offered a solution. Dean was very humane, kind, and good-hearted. After he sold his farm, he continued to feel responsible for the well-being of the workers and even his farm dog. One day, on the way to his former farm, we stopped by a supermarket and Dean came out with a grilled chicken. When we got to the farm, following hugs with the Mexican guy that used to work with him, Dean gave the chicken to the dog, saying that he needed to make him happy too. I (and my wife Mira) will remember him and miss him for a long time. — Yoram Avnimelech It took me a long time to figure out Dean Farrell. I would see him at WAS conferences, limping around the trade show, always asking questions with his distinct gravelly voice, never feeling intimidated about talking and arguing with people who had more formal education than him, displaying a refreshing openness for learning and a seemingly insatiable hunger for knowledge. For years, I thought his attendance at conferences was a hobby bordering on an obsession. He was sucking up as much information as he could but not really doing anything with it. He loved to argue about minutiae, such as the relative merits of one kind of biofilter over another, but he could also see the big picture. Finally, after many years of attending WAS and aquaculture engineering conferences, Dean synthesized everything he had learned and applied it to the development of a commercial tilapia farm. His intensive approach was elegantly simple: use the carbon dioxide generated by fish respiration to keep the pH of the culture water low enough to control the toxicity of
World Aquaculture 9 ammonia. His basic recirculating tank system did not have a conventional biofilter, only solids settling and oxygenation using a U-tube of his own design, which has come to be known as the Farrell tube. Dean’s passion for aquaculture and hunger for knowledge is a model of lifelong learning to those of us he leaves behind. — John Hargreaves Dean was truly one of the more colorful “characters” in aquaculture and I’m proud to call him a friend. When Dean was first contemplating building his farm, he came to visit us at Simaron Freshwater Fish in Texas. He had all these “pie-in-the-sky” ideas about how he could build a better farm. We’d had many a “wannabe tilapia groupie” come through our door over the years and honestly figured Dean for just another version of the same. When we next ran across him at a WAS meeting, he greeted us with heaps of praise and thanks for our honesty and guidance and with pictures and diagrams and charts and stories about what he’d done, what he had created, and how it was working. Dean had enthusiasm, lots of enthusiasm! He believed in what he was doing and believed anybody could do it, if willing to put in the work. — Robert Schmid I met Dean Farrell at the 2002 WAS meeting in San Diego. I was blown away by how much he knew, how willing he was to share what he had learned, and even more by how many of his peers would seek him out for updates or to have their questions answered by this walking aquaculture encyclopedia. His enthusiasm confirmed that I was in the right place at the right time. He was a fixture at every WAS meeting, and was a mentor to so many who saw the potential in this industry. When the sold-out farm tour landed at his farm, Dean was in his element. Everyone wanted to know about his Farrell Tubes—educators, specialists, and farmers alike. He climbed up onto the wall of one of his tanks and proudly boomed that his was the lowest-cost tilapia farm in the country, both to build and produce fish from it. In his “retirement” he liked going to Central America where he could ‘live on dollars per day, and meet beautiful women from all over the world.’ His jovial nature, willingness to impart his deep knowledge (the only cost being some information in return from the recipient), and big heart will be sorely missed by all. — Mark Eglington Dean Farrell was one of the kindest and up-beat persons I ever met. One time, we were on a farm tour in North Carolina with 30 or 40 people. We stopped at a local restaurant for lunch, had a good time, lots of banter… brainstorming….sharing. Lunch was over and everyone got back on the bus and car pools. Everyone thought that the lunch was part of the farm tour cost. No, Dean had paid for lunch for everyone (I knew this because I saw Dean pay the owner discreetly). No one knew. I’m sure Dean did these kinds of things over and over. Many of us were probably beneficiaries of Dean’s random acts of kindness. God bless Dean and I’m sure he is watching out for all of us…still. — Michael B. Timmons Dean read everything and traveled everywhere in his aquaculture studies. All his knowledge was given humbly and freely to anyone interested – any time, any place. He was the consummate “back of the napkin” engineer. He could “do the math” but always insisted he couldn’t. At any given aquaculture presentation you would see his hand go up. Then this fireplug-framed man would stand and deliver a piercing question in his unmistakable gruff but kindly voice. Dean was one tough cookie, with a heart of gold. — Mike Hosford Editors Note: The tributes to Dean Farrell were submitted to World Aquaculture by incoming editor-in-chief, John Hargreaves. Elek Woynarovich, an Honorary Life Member of the World Aquaculture Society, has passed away. In an email copied to World Aquaculture, former WAS President Michael New said: “Elek was one of the true pioneers of 20th Century aquaculture and will be sadly missed by so many people, in so many parts of the world where he worked, advised and taught.” More information about the lfe of Elek Woynarovich can be found at the following website: http://www.haki.hu/index.cgi?rx=&nyelv=en&ite m=&searchwords2=&menuparam4=1&menupara m5=71. Honorary Life Member Elek Woynarovich dies
10 December 2011 Graduate student opportunities in Brazil Brazil is well known as a country with beautiful beaches and people who are fanatic about football. Brazil is also a large producer of agricultural commodities. It has about 12 percent of the world’s freshwater resources and more than 8,500 km of coastline. These support a diverse and productive aquaculture sector that extends across a broad range of latitude. Currently the country produces about 415,000 metric tons of fish from aquaculture (81 percent from fresh water). Economically, Brazil is expanding rapidly, and this is reflected in educational programs, where the number of universities and vacancies are increasing. Between 2003 and 2009, student vacancies in federal universities (with free education at all levels) have doubled. Funding for research projects and postgraduate scholarships has correspondingly accompanied this growth. Currently there are more than 30 universities and centers with courses in aquaculture, fisheries and oceanography. There are ten centers that offer master’s and doctoral degree programs in aquaculture and fisheries, not including numerous animal science centers that also provide opportunities for professional development. For those interested in attending postgraduate degree programs in Brazilian universities, scholarships are available to students from pre-defined quotas for the programs. The federal agency that supports graduate education in Brazil is called CAPES (www.capes.gov.br). Through CAPES, there are specific scholarships designated for foreign students. Scholarships have durations of 24 months for a master’s degree program and 48 months for a doctoral program. Through immersion in a foreign country, aquaculture graduate students will face new realities, be exposed to different ways of thinking, and learn a new language (or at least speak with a different accent). Collectively these will prepare students for professions in aquaculture, but also provide the opportunity for personal growth, in meeting the challenges of the future. Brazilian researchers and other institutions can be found through the Lattes platform (lattes.cnpq.br/english/index.htm) where curricula are listed in the Science and Technology institutions database. Centers that offer post-graduate degrees in aquaculture in different regions of Brazil: North Federal University of Amazonia (UFAM) M.S. and Ph.D. in Fishery Sciences pgcipet@ufam.edu.br www.ppgcipet.ufam.edu.br/ Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA) M.S. and Ph.D. in Aquaculture and Tropical Aquatic Resources aquicultura.tropical@ufra.edu.br www.portal.ufra.edu.br/index.php/Table/Aquicultura-eRecursos-Aquaticos-Tropicais/ University Center Nilton Lins (Uninilton) – Manaus M.S. and Ph.D. in Aquaculture mestrado@niltonlins.br www.posgraduacao.niltonlins.br/aquicultura.aspx Northeast Federal University of Ceará (UFC) M.S. and Ph.D. in Fisheries Engineering Professor Nagano Celso Shiniti (naganocs@gmail.com) www.engenhariadepesca.ufc.br/ Federal Rural University of Pernambuco M.S. and Ph.D. in Fisheries and Aquaculture Resources Professor Paulo Fernandes (paulo_ufrpe@yahoo.com.br) www.pgpa.ufrpe.br/ Southeast UNESP Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP) M.S. and Ph.D. in Aquaculture pgaqui@caunesp.unesp.br www.caunesp.unesp.br/eng/PG_foreign_students.php Fisheries Institute - São Paulo M.S. in Aquaculture and Fisheries pg@pesca.sp.gov.br ftp.sp.gov.br/ftppesca/2010welcome.pdf South State University of West Paraná (UNIOESTE) M.S. in Fisheries Resources and Fisheries Engineering mestradoengpesca@hotmail.com www.unioeste.br/pos/recursospesqueiros/ Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) M.S. and Ph.D. in Aquaculture pgaqi@cca.ufsc.br www.aqi.ufsc.br Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG) M.S. and Ph.D. in Aquaculture aquicultura@furg.br www.aquicultura.furg.br
World Aquaculture 11
12 December 2011 Seaweed nutri-biotechnology: Adding value to aquaculture feed Upasana Mishra1, *Soibam Khogen Singh1, S. Dam Roy1, Pronob Das1, S. C. Mandal1 and N. Ashalaxmi2 Seaweeds are macrophytic algae, a primitive plant lacking true roots, stems and leaves. Most seaweed belongs to one of three divisions - the Chlorophyta (green algae), the Phaeophyta (brown algae) and the Rhodophyta (red algae). There are about 900 species of green seaweed, 4000 red species and 1500 brown species found in nature, out of which 221 species are utilized commercially. Agar-agar, agarose and carrageenan are commercially valuable substances extracted from red seaweeds and are used extensively in many industries. Currently, there are 42 countries with reports of commercial seaweed activity. China is first in seaweed production, with Laminaria sp. accounting for most of its production, followed by North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Philippines, Chile, Norway, Indonesia, USA and India. These top ten countries contribute about 95 percent of the world’s commercial seaweed volume. About 90 percent of seaweed production comes from culture based practices. The most cultivated seaweed is the kelp Laminaria japonica, which alone accounts for over 60 percent of the total cultured seaweed production, while Porphyra, Kappaphycus, Undaria, Eucheuma and Gracilaria make up most of the rest, to a total of 99 percent. Until now, the seaweeds are used mainly for commercial phycocolloids extraction and human consumption. At present, seaweeds with elevated protein content and production rates are receiving increasing attention as novel feeds with potential nutritional benefits and as possible ingredients in fish diets. Apart of their potential nutritional value as protein substitutes, these macroalgae may also give an important contribution to fish diets as lipid sources and binding or coloring agents. Research findings based on biochemical analysis and immunomodulating potential has paved a novel approach towards feed formulation using these resources. Many seaweeds are rich sources of protein and posses several nutraceuticals values. This paper summarizes the major applications of seaweeds as an aquafeed ingredient and the possible value it may add to the present level of feed formulation. Seaweeds as a Rich Protein Source Seaweeds are rarely promoted for the nutritional value of their proteins. The use of seaweeds with high protein levels in the production of foods for farmed fish could be another application of this marine plant resource. Few studies have been undertaken on the quality of seaweed proteins because the presence of phenolic compounds and large amounts polyanionic cell wall mucilages make extraction of protein from seaweed difficult. The protein content of seaweeds differs according to species. Generally, the protein fraction of brown seaweeds is low (3-15 percent of the dry weight) compared with that of the green or red seaweeds (10-47 percent of the dry weight). Except for the species Undaria pinnatifida (wakame), which has a protein level between 11 and 24 percent (dry weight), most industrially exploited brown seaweeds (Laminaria digitata, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Himanthalia elongata) have a protein content lower than 15 percent (by dry weight). In some green seaweed, such as the species belonging to the genus Ulva, the protein content can represent between 10 and 26 percent (dry weight) of the plant. Higher protein levels were recorded for the red seaweeds such as Porphyra tenera (47 percent of dry mass) or Palmaria palmata (35 percent of dry mass). The beneficial effect of the Porphyra meal used as a food additive in the diet of red sea bream has been evaluated where the seaweed incorporated diet appeared to improve body weight gain and increased the triglyceride and protein deposition in muscle. Seaweeds, such as Gracilaria bursa-pastoris, Ulva rigida and G. cornea, have great potential as alternative ingredients in diets for European sea bass juveniles at dietary inclusion levels up to 10 percent for G. bursa-pastoris and U. rigida and up to 5 percent inclusion level for G. cornea with no adverse effects on growth performance and feed utilization efficiency (Valente et. al. 2006). Feeding trials with rainbow trout showed that incorporation of 10 percent Porphyra dioica and Ascophyllum nodosum increased the carcass protein content without any significant negative effect (Table 1). Amino Acid Content in Seaweeds In most seaweed, aspartic and glutamic acids constitute together a large part of the amino acid fraction. In Fucus sp. these two amino acids can represent between 22 and 44 percent of the total amino acids. In the green seaweeds, the level of these two amino acids can represent up to 26 and 32 percent of the total amino acids of the species Ulva rigida and Ulva rotundata, respectively. However, the glutamic and aspartic acid levels seem to be lower in red seaweed species such as Palmaria palmata and Porphyra tenera, with 14 and 19 percent of the total amino acids, respectively.
World Aquaculture 13 Table 1. Protein content of some potential seaweed (Fleurence 1999) Seaweed species Protein content (% of dry mass) Palmaria palmata 8 - 35 Porphyra tenera 33 - 47 Ulva lactuca 10 - 21 Ulva pertusa 20 - 26 Laminaria digitata 8 - 15 Fucus sp. 3 - 11 Ascophyllum nodosum 3 – 15 Seaweeds as a Potential Lipid Source Seaweed lipids have a higher proportion of essential fatty acids than any land plants. The fatty acids of seaweeds generally have linear chains, an even number of carbon atoms, and one or more double bonds. In particular, seaweeds can be a source of essential fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid, C 20:5 w3 fatty acids. However, the total lipid content in seaweeds is less than 4 percent. It has also been reported that the fatty acids of certain seaweeds have antiviral activity. Green seaweeds are rich in oleic and alpha-linoleic acids, whereas the red macroalgae have a high EPA content (Table 2). Seaweeds as a Source of Essential Vitamins and Minerals Inasmuch as seaweeds are grown on an environment rich in various nutrients, their proximate analysis has shown a good result with respect to the vitamin and mineral composition. The important macronutrients available abundantly in seaweeds are Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, S and P whereas the micronutrients in seaweeds includes I, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Mb, Fl, Mn, B, Ni and Co. The brown algae like those belonging to kelps are the richest source of iodine (1500-8000 ppm). The seaweed Fucus contains iodine in range of 500-1000 ppm. The green and red macroalgae has relatively lower iodine content (100-300 ppm). Seaweeds are considered natural sources of hydrosoluble and liposoluble vitamins, such as thiamine and riboflavin, ßcarotene and tocopherols. The red and brown algae contain a good amount of carotenes (provitamin A) in range of 20-170 ppm, whereas the vitamin C content in these seaweeds is 300-500 ppm. Other vitamins are also found in seaweeds, the most important being vitamin B12 which is absent in most land plants. Seaweeds as Feed Binders The best known component of the seaweed derived industry is that of the phycocolloids, the gelling, thickening, emulsifying, binding, stabilizing, clarifying and protecting agents known as carrageenans, alginates and agars. The binding property of seaweed meal depends on the ability of its extract to form highly viscous solutions and to gel in the presence of polyvalent cations. The sulphate group and its location in the molecule determines gelling capacity (gel strength is less if the sulfate ester is at carbon 6). Kappa-carraggenan from K. alvurezii has slightly higher sulfate content than agar. This makes agar a stronger binder than carrageenan (Penaflorida and Golez 1996). However, kappa-carrageenan is sulfated at C-4 and with enough K+ ions (from other feed ingredients); it can give gel strength similar to that of agar. Seaweeds as a Source of Pigments and Attractants Red seaweed may also have a huge potential for use as a natural colorant in salmonid fishes and may replace the synthetic astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Red seaweeds contain a particular protein called phycoerythrin. At the Table 2. Lipid content of some important seaweed (Sanchez-Machado et. al. 2004) Seaweed Lipid content Himanthalia elongata 0.93 Sacchorhiza polyschides 0.70 Laminaria ochroleuca 0.92 Undaria pinnatifida 1.05 Porphyra sp. 1.03 Palmaria sp. 1.80 moment, phycoerythrin is obtained from the microalgae Porphyridium cruentum in which the pigment can represent up to 50 percent of the protein fraction. The seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum is host to cytokinins, auxin-like gibberellins, betaines, mannitol and organic acids, which serve as feed attractants. Antioxidants in Seaweeds The seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezzi, which has gained importance especially in the Indian mariculture, has good nutritive and antioxidant properties. Seaweeds are known to contain reactive antioxidant molecules, such as ascorbate and glutathione (GSH) when fresh, as well as secondary metabolites, including carotenoids (α- and β-carotene, fucoxanthin, astaxanthin), mycosporine-like amino acids (mycosporine-glycine) and catechins (catechin, epigallocatechin), gallate, phlorotannins (phloroglucinol), eckol and tocopherols (α-, χ-, δ- tocopherols). Brown-algal polyphenols and phlorotannins also have antioxidants compounds. Some active antioxidant compounds frommarine algae were identified as phylopheophylin in Eisenia bicyclis, phlorotannins in Sargassum kjellamanianum and fucoxanthin in Hijikia fusiformis. The seaweeds Euchema kappaphycus, Gracilaria edulis, Acanthophora spicifera and Sargassum marginatum, Padina tetrastomatica and Turbinaria conoides are known to posses antioxidant properties. The seaweed extract of G. acerosa possesses high antioxidant activity. It can prevent the increase of lipid peroxide (LPO) in serum, liver and spleen of fish.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjExNDY=