WORLD AQUACULTURE 57 • Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Poultry meal, pea meal and DDGS can replace fishmeal (up to 10 percent) as a protein source for shrimp grown in low salinity water (Lim et al. 2009). Potential Benefits of DDGS to Fish Health Addition of DDGS to aquafeeds improves the immune response and resistance to some diseases in fish. Feeding diets containing 40 percent DDGS to channel catfish provides resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri, likely the result of increased hemoglobin, hematocrit, total serum immunoglobulin, and antibody titers (Lim et al. 2009). Feeding 40 percent DDGS diets to Nile tilapia improves resistance to Streptococcus iniae (Lim et al. 2007). Presumably the factors contributing to these positive responses were biologically active compounds derived from yeast, which comprises approximately 4 to 7 percent of DDGS. There is limited knowledge of the levels of these compounds in DDGS, but the β-glucan content is approximately 8 percent. Extrusion of DDGS Diets In general, high levels of fiber in DDGS are problematic, especially at high dietary inclusion levels. The most critical factors that affect extrusion and pellet quality of DDGS diets are die geometry, temperature, moisture content and screw speed. The addition of various binding materials improves pellet durability and unit density. Floating feeds containing 60 percent DDGS can be produced under specific conditions, resulting in feeds with a density that ranges from 0.24 to 0.61 g/cm3 and durability from 96 to 98 percent (Chevanan et al. 2007, 2009). Conclusions Use of DDGS in aquafeeds has been limited, but there are opportunities to use the significant quantities available to achieve satisfactory performance and reduce diet costs. Dietary inclusion rates of DDGS are greatest in species with a greater ability to use fiber, but vary based on the type of ingredient substituted and amounts of other protein sources, such as fishmeal, included in the diet. Supplemental lysine, methionine and other amino acids may be needed at high dietary inclusion rates to meet requirements because DDGS has relatively low levels of these amino acids, despite having a moderately high crude protein content. High-protein aquafeeds should have lower DDGS inclusion rates unless adequate amino acid supplementation is provided. DDGS is high in linoleic acid but low in other essential fatty acids. Favorable attributes and benefits of adding DDGS to aquafeeds include: • an excellent source of digestible phosphorus, • no antinutritional factors, • may provide immunological benefits, and • high-quality pellets can be produced using appropriate extrusion conditions. Inclusion rates of 20 to 40 percent have been successfully used in diets for channel catfish and tilapia, and diets containing 15 percent DDGS can be used for rainbow trout. More research is needed to better characterize the benefits and limitations of including DDGS in aquafeeds and to determine optimum dietary inclusion rates. Notes 1 Professor, Department of Animal Science, 335d AnSci/Vet Med. Bldg., 1988 Fitch Ave., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 (612) 624-2764 shurs001@umn.edu References AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials). 2011. Official Publication. Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc., West Lafayette, IN, USA. Abdelghany, A.E. 2003. Partial and complete replacement of fish meal with gambusia meal in diets for red tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus. Aquaculture Nutrition 9:145-154. Abo-State, H.A., A.M. Tahoun and Y.A. Hammouda. 2009. Effect of replacement of soybean meal by DDGS combined with commercial phytase on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings growth performance and feed utilization. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science 5:473-479. Anderson, P.V., B. J. Kerr, T. E. Weber, C. Z. Ziemer and G. C. Shurson. 2012. Determination and prediction of energy from chemical analysis of corn co-products fed to finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 90:1242-1254. Bothast, R. J. and M. A. Schlicher. 2005. Biotechnological processes for conversion of corn into ethanol. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 67:19-25. Cheng, Z.J., R.W. Hardy and M. Blair. 2003. Effects of supplementing methionine hydroxyl analogue in soybean meal and distiller’s dried grain-based diets on the performance and nutrient retention of rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)]. Aquaculture Research 34:1303-1310. Cheng, Z.J. and R.H. Hardy. 2004a. Effects of microbial phytase supplementation in corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Aquaculture 15:83-100. Cheng, Z.J. and R.W. Hardy. 2004b. Nutritional value of diets containing distiller’s dried grain with solubles for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Aquaculture 15:101-113. Chevanan, N., K.A. Rosentrater and K. Muthukumarappan. 2007. Twin screw extrusion processing of feed blends containing distillers dried grains with solubles. Cereal Chemistry 84:428-436. Chevanan, N., K. Muthukumarappan, and K.A. Rosentrater. 2009. Extrusion studies of aquaculture feed using dried distillers grains with solubles and whey. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2:177-185. Coyle, S., T. Najeeullah, and J. Tidwell. 1996. A preliminary evaluation of naturally occurring organisms, distiller by-products, and prepared diets as food for juvenile freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Journal of Applied Aquaculture 6:57-66. Feedstuffs. 2010. Reference Issue and Buyers Guide. 80:16-22. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2009. The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0250e/i0250e00. htm. Accessed May 7, 2012. Gatlin, D.M., III, F.T. Barrows, P. Brown, K. Dabroski, T.G. Gaylord and R.W. Hardy. 2007. Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review. Aquaculture Research 38:551-579. (CONTINUED ON PAGE 58)
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