WORLD AQUACULTURE 1 WORLD AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE WORLD AQUACULTURE magazine is published by the World Aquaculture Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. Tel: +1-225-578-3137; Fax: +1-225-578-3493; e-mail: carolm@was.org. World Aquaculture Society Home Page: www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2011-2012 Dr. Kevan Main, President Dr. Michael Schwarz, President-elect Dr. Ricardo Martino, Past President Dr. Rebecca Lochmann, Secretary Dr. William Daniels, Treasurer DIRECTORS Dr. David Little Dr. Yoram Avnimelech Dr. Jimmy Avery Dr. Juan Pablo Lazo Dr. Luís André Sampaio Dr. Sandra E. Shumway CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Lukas Manomaitis, Asian Pacific Gary Fornshell, USAS Maria Celia Portello, Latin America and Caribbean Dr. Ik Kyo Chung, Korea HOME OFFICE STAFF Carol Mendoza, Director, carolm@was.org Judy E. Andrasko, Assistant Director, JudyA@was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF John Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum, Editor Linda Noble, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 Tel: +1-760-751-5005; Fax: +1-760-751-5003 e-mail: worldaqua@aol.com MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPONDENCE: Submit manuscripts as Microsoft Word files to Mary Nickum, Editor, World Aquaculture magazine. E-mail: mjnickum@gmail.com. Letters to the Editor or other comments should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, John Hargreaves at jhargreaves01@yahoo.com. WORLD AQUACULTURE (ISSN Number 1041-5602) is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. Library subscriptions are $50 annually for United States addresses, and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $45; Individuals, $65; Corporations (for-profit), $255; Sustaining, $105 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals), $1,100; E-Membership, $10 (no publications, meeting discounts and not an active member in last five years). Periodicals Postage paid at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for a subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. ©2012, The World Aquaculture Society. ■ W RLD AQUACULTURE VOL. 43 NO. 3 SEPTEMBER 2012 COVER: Harvest from a catfish pond used to culture paddlefish in a demonstration project. See page 24. (CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 2) 10 Development of Breeding Programs for Aquatic Species Should be Given High Priority Trygve Gjedrem and Kari Kolstad 14 Herbal Biomedicine – an Alternative to Synthetic Chemicals in Aquaculture Feed in Asia Thongam Ibemcha Chanu, Arun Sharma, S. Dam Roy, Ajit Keshav Chaudhuri and Pradyut Biswas 20 My Personal Experience as a Burmese Woman Farmer and Entrepreneur in the Aquaculture Industry in Thailand May Myat Noe Lwin with Dave Conley 24 Harvesting and Processing Paddlefish Polycultured in Channel Catfish Ponds: A Demonstration Project Forrest Wynne 28 Developing Live Attenuated Vaccines by Deleting Genes for Iron Metabolism in Pathogenic Bacteria Javier Santander 32 Assessment of a Mooring System for Offshore Aquaculture Judson DeCew, Barbaros Celikkol, Kenneth Baldwin, Michael Chambers, Jim Irish, M. Robinson Swift and Igor Tsukrov 38 Prospects and Potential for Aquaculture of African Lungfish in Uganda John Walakira, Gertrude Atukunda, Joseph Molnar and Karen Veverica 46 White Worms Enchytraeus albidus as a Live Feed and in Formulated Aquafeeds Michelle L. Walsh 48 Using Yellowfin Tuna Roe in a Shrimp Maturation Diet Hui Gong and John W. Brown 54 Maize Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) – A New Alternative Ingredient in Aquafeeds Jerry Shurson 60 Fisheries and Aquaculture in Urban and Periurban Areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh Prabal Barua, Chaiti Barua and Jewel Das 64 Anti-nutritional Factors in Plant Feedstuffs Used in Aquafeeds Vikas Kumar, Debtanu Barman, Kundan Kumar, Vikash Kumar, Sagar C. Mandal and Eef De Clercq
2 SEPTEMBER 2012 Editor’s Note Society 2 Editor’s Note 3 President’s Column 3 A Note from the Immediate Past President 4 Korean Chapter News 5 Letter to the Editor 6 Latin American and Carribean Chapter President’s Report 6 USAS President’s Report 7 Asian Pacific Chapter Update 8 Book Review—Freshwater Prawn: Biology and Farming by John A. Hargreaves 9 Aquaculture without Frontiers: Empowering and Giving Hope through Aquaculture 59 Calendar 72 Advertisers’ Index 72 Membership Application Contents (continued) (CONTINUED ON PAGE 4) One of the big news stories in the USA this summer has been the intense drought that now covers nearly 2/3 of the mainland. It has caused me to think about the implications of drought—and more broadly the increasingly obvious changes in climate unfolding before us—on aquaculture. Although drought is by definition an abnormal condition, it seems likely that inland fisheries and aquaculture will be affected by an increased frequency, duration, and intensity of droughts in the future. The direct effects of drought—similar to the one currently underway—on inland aquaculture are straightforward. Simply put, production would be constrained where pond aquaculture is dependent on surface water supplies. At minimum, competition between fish farmers and other users of fresh water will become increasingly intense. The current drought in the USA has been characterized by low precipitation and high temperatures. Over 2000 high temperature records were set in June and more than 3000 in July. Water temperature greater than optimum reduces growth and induces a stress response in cultured animals. High water temperature reduces oxygen solubility and causes other deleterious water quality effects in ponds. Thus, culturing fish in drought conditions reduces pond productivity and the efficiency of input use, especially water and feed. Although direct effects of drought on aquaculture are relatively easy to predict, especially at a local or regional scale, drought also has indirect, complex, and larger-scale effects on aquaculture. In particular, the yield of commodity grain crops used as ingredients in aquafeeds is reduced by drought. The focus of the current drought in the USA has been on the corn crop and how that supply will affect livestock feed costs and associated consumer prices for beef, pork, and poultry. It seems likely that the forecast reductions in the corn supply will affect aquaculture less than other forms of animal agriculture because the inclusion rates of corn are not as high as for other animals. Of greater concern is the availability of soybeans. The current crop is now at a critical stage; if the drought persists, the soybean crop will be far less than forecast initially. Furthermore, supplies of soybean are tighter than those of corn. Soybean meal is a critical ingredient in aquafeeds and a widely used plant protein source. For both grains, the USA is a major contributor to global supplies. Thus, the drought in this country has implications for the availability of key ingredients for aquafeeds around the world. In a recent FAO technical report, Albert Tacon and his colleagues warned that we should be concerned about the sustainability of feed grain supply to ensure the sustainability of fed aquaculture. There is an obvious priority to assure that use of commodity grains are used for human food. However, the future availability and use of grains in livestock feeds, including aquafeeds, is cause for concern, particularly under scenarios of increased frequency and intensity of drought. The FAO calculates a food price index that measures the international prices of a basket of food commodities. The index jumped by 6 percent in July, largely driven by a 23 percent increase in maize prices. Unrest and uprisings around the world, including many of those that were part of the Arab Spring, can be attributed, at least in part, to rising food prices. In developing countries where fish represents the major source of animal protein, and where food expenditures are a large proportion of income, high prices brought on by drought can reduce food security and increase the propensity for unrest. As a consequence of the drought, prices for beef, pork, and poultry are expected to rise in the coming year. Assuming that the drought will also place upward pressure on prices for fish, related to the increased cost of aquafeeds, it seems likely that Drought and Aquaculture
WORLD AQUACULTURE 3 President’s Column As I begin my term as President of the World Aquaculture Society, I am reminded of all the outstanding people I have worked with on WAS Boards over the years. People with a heart for service, dedication to the science of aquaculture, mentors to students, and leaders with a missionminded goal to expand WAS services to countries around the globe. I am proud and honored to spend the next year working as your President to provide the kinds of services that you – our members – want from the World Aquaculture Society. Today our society has expanded membership to more than 84 countries, formed Chapters that are providing services to 811 members in the United States (USAS Chapter), 422 members throughout Asia and the Pacific (Asian Pacific Chapter), 267 members in the Caribbean, Central and South America (Latin American Chapter), and 81 members in South Korea (Korean Chapter). Following their 10th Annual Aquaculture Technology Workshop at Fukuyama University, the Japan Chapter merged with the Asian Pacific Chapter in August 2012. The 40 members of the Japan Chapter will now become members of our Asian Pacific Chapter. The World Aquaculture Society links together with other societies and associations to hold our annual meetings in venues around the globe. AQUA 2012 is taking place in the Czech Republic in partnership with the European Aquaculture Society. We are expecting more than 2500 delegates from around the world to join us in the beautiful city of Prague and attend some of the 78 technical sessions focusing on the theme Global Aquaculture: Securing our Future. Both before and after the Prague conference, your Board of Directors will meet to plan future directions for the Society, make financial decisions and plan the services WAS will provide to the membership. We will welcome several new Board members, including Michael Schwarz (President-Elect), Luis Sampaio and Sandy Shumway (Directors), and Rebecca Lochmann (re-elected as Secretary). In Prague, we will also present two Honorary Life Awards and three Fellows of the World Aquaculture Society. The recipients of these awards will be acknowledged in the next issue of World Aquaculture magazine. I look forward to working with Immediate Past-President, Ricardo Martino, and the WAS Board in 2012 and 2013. Ricardo and I share a common goal to expand our membership in parts of the world where aquaculture is well underway – especially China and India. Through our Promotions and Membership Committee, our Affiliations Committee and our Chapters, we will work to expand the services we provide to our global membership and to disseminate the science and technology needed for sustainable production of seafood. Another area of focus during my Presidency is to expand When the September issue of the World Aquaculture magazine begins to reach our readers, the term of my presidency will have finished. Looking back, I have the sensation that the last 14 months have passed by very quickly. There was 14 months of hard work but also of a very enjoyable time. Therefore, I would like to write a few lines to express my acknowledgments. I would like to start by thanking John Hargreaves, Bob Stickney, and the magazine staff for the strong support I have received in preparing my columns. As I am not an English native speaker, and despite the help I’ve had, it was a bit difficult to write five President’s Columns. However, I had had a lot of fun in preparing them and I hope you liked what I wrote. I want inform the membership that the magazine has a new layout editor, Linda Noble, who I welcome. Because the deadline to submit this column comes a few days before the end of the WAS election, I don’t know the results. However, I congratulate those colleagues who will take a seat on the next Board of Directors and offer encouragement to those not elected, who I hope to see as future Board A Note from the Immediate Past President members. Thanks to all who participated in this democratic process by casting votes. The election would not have succeeded without the work of Jay Parsons, Chair of the Elections Committee, who led the process with great competence. I want to express my sincere gratitude to all Board Members, with whom I had the honor to work with and share the time of my presidency. Without their support I wouldn’t have made it. My sincere gratitude to John Cooksey (I just received the news that he will soon be a grandfather), Mario Stael (our new Director of Conferences), and the Home Office staff of Carol Mendoza and Judy Andrasko (we are lucky to have them with us). I also want to thank my successor, Dr. Kevan Main, for all the help and support and wish her all the best during her term as WAS President. I am very confident she will do a great job. Finally I would like to finish by repeating the words written in the first paragraph of my first President´s Column: it is a great honor and privilege to serve as President of the largest professional aquaculture society in the world. — Ricardo C. Martino, Past-President (CONTINUED ON PAGE 18)
4 SEPTEMBER 2012 Korean Chapter News O n June 21-22, the Korean Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society (KC-WAS) and the Aquaculture Chapter of Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (AC-KOSFAS) joined together for an annual conference at the Tongyeong Campus of Gyeongsang National University in Tongyeong City, Gyeongnam Province, Korea. During the conference, the KC-WAS annual business meeting and the election committee meeting, which is chaired by Prof. Sungchul C. Bai (Pukyong National University), were held. Unfortunately there has been no candidate for President-Elect for last 6 months. The election of the President-Elect has been postponed until the next meeting. Two new Directors and one replacement were elected to the Board of Directors. Prof. Jong Ahm Shin (Chonnam National Univ.) and Mr. Hack-Churl You (Pegasus International, Inc.) were elected and will serve terms of four years, and Prof. SeokJoong Kang (Gyeongsang National University) replaced Prof. In-Kyu Yeo (Jeju National Univ.) and will serve for two years until 2013. During the business meeting, a draft of logo design for the KC-WAS website was approved. For the conference, there were more than 70 KC-WAS and KOSFAS members registered from Korea, Japan, China, Indonesia, Philippines and Bangladesh. Four invited lectures were presented: (1) Tunicate Cluster Center and its role for the local business by Prof. Byeong-Dae Choi (Gyeongsang National Univ.), (2) Soft tunic syndrome in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi by Dr. Kumagai Akira (Miyagi Prefecture Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan), (3) The Necessity and Importance of Economic Analysis in Aquaculture Researches by Dr. Dohoon Kim (National Fisheries Research & Development Institute) and (4) Environmentally friendly Agro-fisheries integrated aquaculture system (Aquaponics System) by Prof. Gwan Sik Jeong (Chonnam National Univ.). Seven oral presentations and 37 posters were presented. The 10th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum will be held on April 30 - May 4, 2013, under the theme of ‘Blue Waters and Green Fisheries’ at The Ocean Resort Hotel in Yeosu, Korea. The committee finalized the logistics of the 12 conference sessions and trade shows of equipment exhibition. There will be several satellite meetings with the 10AFAF. The 4th International Symposium on Cage Aquaculture in Asia (CAA4) and the China-Japan-Korea Aquaculture Symposium will be organized by the Aquaculture Chapter of the KOSFAS. The annual conference of AC-KOSFAS and KC-WAS will be held at the same venue. We welcome the members of WAS to Yeosu, the town of the 2012 EXPO, with a rich cultural heritage and the center for commercial aquaculture. The third meeting of the Executive Committee for World Aquaculture 2015 in Jeju (Chair: Prof. Jeong Yeol Lee) was held on July 10. The Executive Committee discussed the agenda of the National Organizing Committee (NOC), Special Committees and other promotional topics. The Special Committee on the Inter-Korean Fisheries Cooperation and the Special Industry Promotion Committee were approved unanimously. The Special Committee on the Inter-Korean Fisheries Cooperation will be in charge of the invitation of fisheries officials and scientists of North Korea to the World Aquaculture 2015. The Special Industry Promotion Committee will promote the regional aquaculture industry in Asia to advertise the conference. The Executive Committee discussed the promotional activities of World Aquaculture 2015 at AQUA 2012 in Prague, Czech Republic. The Executive Committee and JSSP planned the First Steering Committee and Program Committee meeting scheduled on October 18-20. The World Aquaculture 2015 venue, the International Convention Center in Jeju, will be venue for these committee meetings. FAS is the journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science (KOSFAS), an affiliated society with WAS. The Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies (KFSTS) is funded by the government and it nominated FAS as one of the SCI(E) journal candidates for a prize in 2010. There has been considerable effort to promote FAS by members of KOSFAS. This year, FAS offers cash awards of $900 for review articles. The editorial board will reward four review articles per year for the next three years. FAS and KOSFAS need your support. Please send your manuscripts to FAS e-submission at e-fas.org, or e-mail at ksfas@pknu.ac.kr to get your article reviewed for the special cash award selection. If you need additional information, contact the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. J.Y. Jo (jyjo@pknu.ac.kr). — Ik Kyo Chung, President Editor’s Note, continued from page 2 consumer demand for fish in developed countries will decrease accordingly. The high prices for feed predicted for next year are likely to put additional pressure on aquaculture producers to improve efficiency or pass along increased costs to consumers. Many of the effects of drought on aquaculture cannot be managed. However, it is clear that producers must find ways to adapt to drought and other climate extremes. Producers need to develop production techniques that make efficient use of existing freshwater supplies. Aquaculture scientists and policy makers must continue to make the case that aquaculture is a good use of fresh water and to help producers find ways to adapt to climate change. Although great strides have been made in using byproducts from grain milling, food processing, and animal slaughter in aquafeeds, more must be done, particularly in the context of disruptions in the supply of commodity grains caused by drought. —John A. Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief
WORLD AQUACULTURE 5 Having just read the June issue of World Aquaculture magazine, it was encouraging to see some African content, including your editorial summarizing recent discussions on the SARNISSA African Aquaculture Network (www.sarnissa.org) on the introduction of Pangasius to Nigeria. I hope at some stage this and other African articles you publish will be made available through SARNISSA and elsewhere for the interest and benefit of the thousands of Africans now working in African aquaculture development. Although you have summarized those discussions on the SARNISSA email forum, not always an easy thing to do, I think you have missed out on a quite significant sector and group of individuals who are prominent in this discussion, i.e. those commercial entrepreneurs (some Nigerians included) who are always looking to develop new commercial opportunities and markets, in this case with a new non-indigenous species. This sector on SARNISSA has a voice across the continent and is now quite strong in pointing out that aquaculture in sub-Saharan Africa has to be developed as a business. These individuals believe that they or others have the right to bring in a new non-indigenous species if they feel it can be developed into a commercially viable production and value chain system that will provide incomes, employment and supplies of aquatic products to local and regional markets. This is nothing new in aquaculture. The article on Procambarus introduction into southern Spain in the last issue is but one of numerous examples. Pangasius culture is now growing rapidly outside of its Vietnamese home: in the Philippines with government backing and in Bangladesh and India in commercially significant volumes. Why should these other countries and entrepreneurs therein have the opportunity to develop this species in terms of aquaculture but not in Africa or Nigeria more specifically? The position over the last 30 years up to the present day with Nile tilapia in Africa is also instructive. Tilapia are now “coming back home” in the form of improved varieties, such as the GIFT and Chitralada Thai strains from Asia, giving existing and new African fish farmers, often for the first time in their lives, the genetic stock that allows them to cultivate an attractive market-sized product and to produce it sustainably in a shorter growing season with a profitable outcome. Countries like Malawi do not allow these improved Nile tilapia strains and farmers have no choice but to grow indigenous tilapias, which reach 250 g in 8 months or more. In contrast, in neighboring Mozambique, improved tilapia strains are permitted and can are grown to a good market size, 500 g in 6 months. This is not just a specialized issue or concern about maintaining biodiversity in Malawi. Further afield, all over sub-Saharan Africa where Nile tilapia is widespread, the majority of people who wish to farm tilapia in rural and peri-urban areas, probably up 70-80 percent of these by number, do not have access to good genetic material in the form of tilapia fingerlings that will be economically viable to grow in ponds or cages, even if they have commercial formulated feeds and good pond management. The debate of maintaining biodiversity against new introductions in aquaculture is not as simple or straightforward, ethically and socioeconomically, as you made it out to be in your editorial (good and bad). New nonindigenous introductions to a country are often perceived as uniformly dangerous, often by academic researchers who have never tried to grow fish commercially and who have absolutely no intention of compromising their position. These people are equally prominent on the SARNISSA forum. Personally I can see both views and in my words above I am playing devil’s advocate. However, in the end, this segment of the aquaculture community in Africa—the people and entrepreneurs (at whatever level) who actually take the risks and the hits financially in actually trying to produce fish—have a voice. “Biodiversitists” who are opposed to introductions have to compromise and meet somewhere in the middle. If not, the debate rages on and people or the market will just take matters into their own hands and go ahead anyway but often under the wrong conditions and infrastructure. With specific reference to the situation in Nigeria, it is indeed highly commendable what they have done to develop Clarias culture into an industry; they are leading African aquaculture behind Egypt with its tilapia. However, it is by no means clear that bringing Pangasius into the country and beginning to farm it will have a detrimental effect on the Clarias industry or the environment. As you point out, they are two quite different types of fish with different requirements in terms of inputs, management systems, and markets. The heated, but open-to-all discussion on SARNISSA about the introduction of Vietnamese Pangasius to Nigeria illustrates that, although aquaculture is still a relatively young, reactive but growing food production system, it is evolving in response to a wide range of internal and external drivers and stimuli. The evolution of the shrimp industry is also a very good example of this. The new internet age, networking and information flows coupled now with increasingly global, commoditized markets mean that aquaculture can no longer been seen or operate in national bubbles. It is pertinent to look back and better understand the history and evolution of Letter to the Editor (CONTINUED ON PAGE 72)
6 SEPTEMBER 2012 Collaboration is a win-win. In Las Vegas, at Aquaculture America 2012, the Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society and the United States Aquaculture Society jointly sponsored a continuing education workshop on statistics. Dr. Walter Stroup, Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, taught the all-day course. In addition to being co-author of SAS for Mixed Models and SAS for Linear Models, 4th edition, he has held a statistical consulting, research and teaching faculty appointment at UNL’s Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources since 1979. I commend the organizers of the workshop for bringing in such a high-quality instructor. The workshop was attended by 28 participants, including students, academics, and government personnel. It was a USAS President’s Report pleasure to work with the Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society to plan and implement an educational program for professional development and continuing education credits that benefited participants. In addition, attendance was high enough to surpass breakeven and provide a financial benefit for both societies. Kudos to Steven Rawles, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Jesse Trushenski, Southern Illinois University and Alf Haukenes, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff for their successful efforts. Partnerships such as this one demonstrate what can be accomplished through cooperative efforts. The United States Aquaculture Society looks forward to continued collaborative endeavors. — Gary Fornshell, President Latin American and Caribbean Chapter President’s Report The LACC annual meeting in 2012 will be held during the International Symposium on Mariculture (SIM 2012) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 6-9 November. The theme of SIM 2012 is “Science and Technology as a Basis for Sustainable Mariculture.” The symposium has been organized and supported by the Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Regional de Abastecimento e Pescado, Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SDRAP) and the Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIPERJ), and will be chaired by Dr. Ricardo Martino, Immediate Past-President of WAS. The president of the LACC has obtained additional support from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq / Brazil). The objective of SIM 2012 is to promote a broad debate among academic, public and commercial sectors to strengthen and consolidate mariculture on a sustainable basis in Brazil and other Latin American and Caribbean countries. The presence of researchers from countries where mariculture—especially marine finfish culture—is more advanced will help extend knowledge and techniques to the regional public and establish opportunities for future scientific cooperation, which is important to encourage and promote this area of research. With emphasis on the culture of shellfish and marine fish, the program includes a wide variety of themes to be developed by internationally renowned researchers specifically invited to attend. The following speakers have confirmed their participation: Jay Parsons (Aquaculture Science Branch of Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada), Michael Schwarz (Virginia Tech, USA), Kevan Main (Mote Aquaculture Research Park, USA), Marisol Izquierdo (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canarias), Juan Pablo Lazo Corvera (Centro de Investigacion y de Educación Superior Scientifica, Ensenada, Mexico), Luis Fajardo Mario Araya (Chile), Ricardo Martino (FIPERJ, Brazil), Ronaldo Cavalli (Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil), Vinicius Cerqueira (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil), Luis Sampaio (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil), Eliana Mosque (Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil), Marcos Pereira. (Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Luzia Triani (FIPERJ, Brazil) Diniz Petcov Henry (Empresa de Pesquisa e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina, Brazil), Carlos Alberto da Silva (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Brazil), as well as representatives of the commercial sector. We invite all members of the LACC to join us and contribute to the success of this important event. Our motto in Portuguese is: Diga SIM à Maricultura! (Say YES to Mariculture). — Maria Célia Portella, President World Aquaculture Magazine has a New Layout Editor Readers of World Aquaculture might notice some subtle changes to the design and layout of the magazine with this issue. Please join me in welcoming Linda Noble to the magazine staff. Linda brings considerable skill and experience to our publication and will no doubt contribute to improvement of the overall quality of this key member benefit.
WORLD AQUACULTURE 7 Asian Pacific Chapter Update I am writing this far away from the Asian Pacific Region, looking at the cold, blue-green waters of the North Atlantic where I am vacationing with family. The seafood is excellent and I plan to dine shortly on some farmed oysters from the Bay of Maine. Normally this would be a low period for Chapter activities, yet the APC has been very active recently and we will have exciting things to report at the upcoming WAS Board meeting in Prague. We held a very successful regional meeting, the Australasian Aquaculture 2012 Conference and Trade Show, from 1-4 May in Melbourne, Australia. Over 900 people attended this event and there was a broad range of aquaculture represented: research (40%), industry (23%), government (15%), service industry (9%), education (8%), and other (5%). The event had several other associated activities, including a simulation of a national seafood health scare (funded by Seafood Services Australia) that brought together a group of seafood professionals to test how the Australian Seafood Incident Response Plan would work in practice. We held the inaugural Australasian Aquaculture Awards (The Blue Thumbs), had several interesting field trips and following the conference, the AquaEd program, which was supported by NMIT and sponsored by AgriFood Skills Australia. The WAS APC Board has passed a framework for the creation of an Executive Advisory Council (EAC) and Country Ambassadors (CA) Program. Ram Bhujel, APC Board EAC and CA liaison, has worked diligently to fill positions for the Executive Advisory Council and national representatives (CAs). The EAC positions have now been filled and Robert Bishop (APC Past-President 2005-2007) is Chairman. The first meeting of the EAC is planned for mid-August. Changes to the APC website continue. We encourage APC members to add material to the new APC National Information section. We also welcome Arabic, Chinese and Japanese submissions, which will be posted in those languages. Ideally a corresponding English translation should also be included, unless you trust the abilities of Google Translate! The APC Facebook page has been steadily gaining members and Jimmy Lim, an APC member and an EAC representative for Southeast Asia, has offered to help broaden the people involved with this resource. In May and June, Roy Palmer (APC Past President 2009-2011) traveled to Japan and met with WAS members there to discuss the potential for a symposium on high-value aquaculture. Also at that time the mechanism for merging the Asian Pacific Chapter and Japan Chapter was discussed and we now welcome the new APC members from Japan. We look forward to having more activities involving Japanese members and issues important to northern Asia. In June, I travelled to Myanmar to discuss the idea of a symposium related to helping Myanmar create an Aquaculture Development Plan. I worked with our APC Myanmar Country Ambassador Kyaw Tun Myint and many influential aquaculture stakeholders in Yangon and a draft outline was created to use a phased approach to developing such a plan. Looking westward, the APC has had several strategy meetings with APC members in the United Arab Emirates to plan for an “Arid Land Aquaculture Symposium” that is now targeted for some time in March to May 2013. We hope to bring together people that live in arid lands to discuss the current status and future potential for aquaculture there. If you have an interest in taking part in this event, or better yet, helping plan and execute it, please contact us through the APC email. Related to this event we hope to have a recirculating aquaculture workshop and field trips. The next APC meeting will be in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, in 2013. The Steering Committee (chaired by APC President-Elect Amrit Bart) met in Ho Chi Minh City in June. The theme for this event will be “Positioning for Profit,” in light of the greater need for aquaculture to improve value at each step of the value chain. This event will occur at the Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center on December 1013, 2013 and the International Oyster Symposium (IOS5) will be held concurrently as a session of this meeting. Prior to the conference we hope to have a simulated aquaculture disease outbreak exercise, similar to the one in Melbourne, which will work to develop strategies to prevent aquaculture diseases from getting out of hand. Following the conference, we plan to have an Asian AquaEd meeting to discuss how Asia can better train and develop aquaculture professionals in the region. Plans are proceeding for World Aquaculture 2014, which will take place in Adelaide, Australia on 7-11 June 2014. The theme for this event is “Create, Nurture, Grow.” This will be the de facto regional APC conference for 2014. World Aquaculture 2015 will convene in Jeju, Korea, which will also be the de facto regional meeting for the APC in 2015. Roy Palmer is the Program Chair for this meeting and Bill Daniels and I are on the Steering Committee. The first steering committee meeting for WA 2015 will be in November. Finally, after holding relatively steady for some time, APC membership is growing. For example, Myanmar membership increased dramatically after giving a presentation to a large group about WAS during my recent trip there. Throughout the region, more people have been joining or rejoining WAS and APC. Several current WAS members who were not also APC members have added the APC to their membership. Hopefully if you are not yet a member of WAS or the APC, chapter activities will encourage you to join. Even if you are a member of a different Chapter, it is never too late to join the APC! You can contact the WAS Home Office (CarolM@was.org) and be guided through the procedure to join the APC. If you are in the Asian region and not yet a member of the WAS or APC Chapter please feel free to contact us via our email (apcwas@was.org) and be sure to visit our (CONTINUED ON PAGE 18)
8 SEPTEMBER 2012 The name of Michael B. New has been nearly synonymous with the science of prawn aquaculture over the past 30 years, if not longer. He published landmark reviews of the global situation with prawn aquaculture in 1990 and 1995 and well-regarded FAO technical manuals in 1985 and 2002. This 544-page book might be seen as the culmination of a long career supporting the global development of prawn aquaculture with state-of-the-art science and technology information. The book is co-edited with four other prominent prawn aquaculture scientists, Wagner Valenti of Brazil, Jim Tidwell and Lou D’Abramo of the USA, and Methil Kutty of India. The 24 chapters were written by 44 contributors, representing 10 countries, including leading producers China, Thailand, India, and Bangladesh. Many other individuals from many more countries are credited in the acknowledgments as correspondents. Although the book is heavily weighted to contributions from authors in developed countries with temperate climates, where prawn production is modest, it is good to see authors from developing countries participating meaningfully in this book project. One hopes that the information contained in this book will reach the centers of production in east, southeast and south Asia, where it is likely to have the greatest impact and benefit. The book represents a comprehensive treatment of the subject, covering all the essential topics expected in a book on the aquaculture of a particular species. Although the book is subtitled “Biology and Farming,” there are only two chapters that explicitly address biology. Nonetheless, all chapters make reference to biological aspects of freshwater prawns, but the book is heavily weighted to farming. There are chapters on reproduction, spawning, and hatcheries; nutrition and feeds; disease and health management; genetics; processing and marketing. There are five chapters on grow-out systems, including monoculture, polyculture and integrated systems, and culture in temperate zones. I found plenty in the book to satisfy my personal interest in pond aquaculture. Although the treatment of many topics is covered more comprehensively in other books specific to a particular topic (e.g., nutrition, disease, water quality), this book makes reference to the topic by providing specific information about prawn aquaculture. There are three chapters that address the culture of prawn species that are perhaps less well-known or cultured than the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In particular, the chapter on culture of the oriental river prawn M. nipponense is fascinating. This species is endemic to rivers in China and is more cold-tolerant than the giant river prawn, although size-atharvest is smaller. In fact, there is greater production of oriental river prawn in China than the non-native giant river prawn, which is a species introduced from Thailand. There is also a chapter on culture of the Amazon River prawn M. amazonicum, another species that is smaller than the giant river prawn, but one that avoids concerns about endemic biodiversity in the event of escape from production facilities, particularly in species rich areas such as the Amazon Basin. At least 26 other species of Macrobrachium have culture potential in different parts of the world, some of which are discussed in more detail in one chapter. The role of prawns in fisheries enhancement programs is under-appreciated. A chapter that surveys farming and enhancement activities written by New and Kutty suggests great potential, at least as indicated by experiences in India and Thailand. Government-supported hatcheries have produced juveniles for stocking rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in these countries. In river systems where dam construction, water pollution, or other habitat alterations have disrupted the natural life-cycle of prawns, enhancement programs can be effective. One of the most difficult and troublesome aspects of prawn culture is the wide size variation, including three male morphotypes, that develops in populations of stocked animals. The fact that growth is regulated in large measure by social interaction presents difficulties for management. This feature was first described by prawn pioneer Takuji Fujimura in 1972. The chapter on this topic, written by Ilan Karplus and Amir Sagi of Israel, provides good practical recommendations for management of size variation, including supplementary shelters, selective harvesting, size grading, and monosex culture. This brings me to the chapter on genetics, which adequately covers the topics of population genetics, genetic management of broodstock, and sex-reversal and monosex culture. It is somewhat surprising that such little work has been done on genetic stock improvement with prawns, although this is an issue with many species in aquaculture. One of the more interesting parts of this chapter is the section on monosex culture, specifically all-female culture, as a way to maximize productivity. This might seem counter-intuitive in the context of the impressive size of blue-claw males. However, the analysis indicates that female prawns do not develop the same kind of size variation as males and, particularly at high densities (>40/m2), all-female culture results in the greatest economic returns. Implementing the technology of all-female culture involves several steps, although the sex-reversal protocols are well-established in finfish. It seems that this approach is Freshwater Prawns: Biology and Farming John A. Hargreaves 1 Book Review (CONTINUED ON PAGE 18) Many of the books reviewed in World Aquaculture are available at a discount to WAS members at www.was.org. Save money today by ordering through the Society.
WORLD AQUACULTURE 9 Aquaculture without Frontiers: Empowering and Giving Hope Through Aquaculture Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) was the brainchild of one person following a career spent in researching, travelling and being a part of developing the aquaculture industry as we know it today. AwF roots lay strongly within the World Aquaculture Society family as the concept was formulated by this individual on the back of a presentation and paper delivered at World Aquaculture 2003 in Salvador, Brazil. The person is, of course, Michael New OBE, CBiol, FSB, BSc, ARCS, FIFST; Past-President of WAS and EAS, and current Chairman for AQUA 2012 in Prague. Back at that 2003 meeting Michael said “The NGOs that are involved in aquaculture development for the poor are sometimes religious, sometimes lay; sometimes branches of international organizations, often national or local. However, it is clear that they need help to utilize the potential of aquaculture efficiently and, as individuals, I feel that we should be ready to assist. However, the aquaculture sector does not have any NGO that appeals directly to the public (our consumers), nor do we raise any funds for aquaculture development from the public. We may sometimes wonder where are our ‘Friends of Aquaculture’, our ‘BluePeace’, our ‘World Aquaculture Fund’, our ‘Aquaculture Defense Fund.’ I think it is most unlikely that we could persuade the public to support a lobbying organization for aquaculture, especially as we have suffered so much criticism (fair and unfair) from aquaculture’ movement would be perceived simply as a defensive negative reaction to criticism. However, I believe that there is a niche for an aquaculture NGO.” From that point Michael registered AwF (UK) in the UK and AwF in the USA and launched the organization at the WAS conference in Hawaii in 2004. The plan was outlined and he set about the process of putting into action what he truly believed. Along the journey he has been assisted by friends, colleagues, family, volunteers and a range of donors who have supported the cause and seen their generosity turn into projects which have empowered and given hope to the poor in many countries. Recently the trustees of AwF (UK) decided to close the charity in Great Britain in order to consolidate all the activities of the not-for-profit organization within the international AwF. All remaining funds of AwF (UK) were transferred to AwF in June 2012. Michael New remains the Founder and Patron of AwF, which is managed by a fifteen-member international board of directors. The projects continue. We update two of them here; one in Kenya and one in Haiti. Firstly ‘The Holy Will Women Group: Scaling-up Fish Farming to Mitigate Poverty among Smallholders in Homa Bay County of Kenya’ is a three-year arrangement that works with families ravaged with HIV/AIDS in implementing a foodsecurity initiative that aims to scale up fish farming to mitigate poverty among smallholders. It is anticipated that upon successful implementation of this project, the following tangible results will be realized: • Effectively strengthen the capacities of 24 members of the group with appropriate skills on semi-intensive fish farming for onward cascading, the same, to at least 800 small holders every year; • Fully establish and maintain a semi-intensive model fish farm for training, production and demonstration on semiintensive fish farming as viable venture in producing adequate nutritious food and creating sustainable incomes among small holders and youth in South Rachuonyo District; • Produce over 16,000 high quality tilapia and catfish annually for members’ consumption and income creation; • Increase average annual income of at least 824 small holders and youth that practice fish farming in South Rachuonyo District from USD 330 to USD 1,006 in one year. The Haiti project had buttons pushed after the 2010 devastating earthquake killed over 300,000 people and made homeless well over a million people. Of course the resources of AwF are limited but, by working with other organizations, AwF have jointly established a project. Our major partners in this are Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole (MBL) and Novus International. The Haitian partners at the newly completed Aquaculture Learning Center (ALC) in Marigot, Haiti recently began their first harvest of tilapia. The system has been in operation since November 2011 and all of the feeding, water quality management and maintenance to date has been done by the team of newly trained Haitian “teknisyen pwasons” (fish technicians) and their students. Prior to harvest, fish were taste tested to ensure there were no issues with off-flavor. Producing sufficient protein and a business opportunity for a family of four on a small piece of land using a simple fish rearing system is a noble goal worth pursuing. The operating and cost criteria for such a system are stringent, i.e. they cannot exceed the resources available, human or otherwise, but progress is being made. Currently the working model is producing fish and, with refinement in pumping and filtration techniques to reduce power requirements, the goal of developing a system that will operate on <45 watts of power and produce sufficient protein for a family of four is within reach. MBL have completed some fabulous work on fish feed trials, using only ingredients available in Haiti (no fishmeal). Many months have been spent tweaking diets and trying to balance amino acids, digestibility and palatability. Four diets were tested against a 32% crude protein Purina™ floating feed and results exceeded expectations. The new diet even outperformed a soy-based diet! Feed conversion ratios were 1.30 for the control diet and 1.45 for the best experimental diet and specific growth rates were almost identical 2.0 and 1.9 %/d, respectively. These results represent a milestone in our efforts to bolster sustainable fish production in Haiti and have ramifications that should be recognized internationally and help (CONTINUED ON PAGE 18)
10 SEPTEMBER 2012 World aquaculture production has grown 7.1 percent per year during 2000 - 2009 and reached 55.7 million t of fish and shellfish and 17.3 t of aquatic plants in 2009 (FAO 2011). If expansion of fish and shellfish continues, production will reach 68.4 million t in 2012, which is greater than the amount projected from capture fisheries (FAO 2009). The prognosis is that fisheries production will stabilize at around 90 million t in the coming years (FAO 2008). The potential for further growth in aquaculture production seems to be very good, considering coastal and land areas suitable for aquaculture in different countries. However, competing activities in these areas and a lack of availability of feed may limit expansion. Production of shellfish and to some extent herbivorous fish species opens possibilities for harvesting some of the extensive primary production that occurs naturally in the sea because these species feed on algae and other plankton. Combining fish, shellfish and seaweed (IMTA; integrated multi-trophic aquaculture) is an interesting concept for sustainable development (Chopin 2011). Production of diadromous and marine species is low compared to freshwater species (Table 1). This is somewhat surprising because the potential for aquaculture production is much larger in the marine environment compared to freshwater. Differences in value among groups of species should be noted. Highly prized species—diadromous and marine fishes and crustaceans—are usually produced under intensive farming conditions compared to freshwater fishes, where lower-priced cyprinids represented 76 percent in 2005 (FAO 2007). The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the role selective breeding can have on the potential expansion and efficiency of future aquaculture production. Status of Breeding Programs for Aquatic Species The majority of fish culturists raise animals derived from wild stocks or from those that have been selected for only a few generations. In contrast, genetically improved stocks and seeds are widely used in terrestrial farm animal and plant production. Thus, fish culture lags far behind terrestrial animal husbandry and plant production (Tave 1986). In surveys, Neira (2010) and Rye et al. (2010) recorded 101 family-based breeding programs in aquaculture, emphasizing that there may be more. Based on these, 8.2 percent of world aquaculture production is estimated to be based on family breeding programs (Gjedrem et al. 2012). There has been slight improvement since previous estimates: 1 percent in 1993 (Gjedrem 1997) and 5 percent in 2002 (Gjedrem 2004). In addition, some commercial farms may undertake some individual selection for growth rate but the majority of aquaculture production is based on wild individuals or stocks that are not genetically improved. What Has Been Accomplished? Over the last 30 years, a number of selection experiments have been carried out (summarized by Gjedrem and Thodesen 2005). The average genetic gain from 12 estimates of growth rate in different fish species was 15 percent per generation, two estimates for shrimp report 8 percent, four estimates for oysters report 14 percent, one estimate for clams reports 9 percent and two estimates for scallops report 17 percent. The average of 21 estimates was 14 percent genetic gain per generation. Similar levels of genetic gain are reported for coho salmon (Neira et al. 2006), channel catfish (Rezk et al. 2003), and European sea bass (Vandeputte et al. 2009). This indicates that growth rates can be more than doubled in less than six generations of selection. Two examples have shown that this has been accomplished. Example 1: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Philippines The base population consisted of hybrids among eight strains that were used to make the GIFT strain. Selection was for growth rate only. The response during five generations of selection was 85 percent (17 percent per generation) (Bentsen et al. 2003). Fish of the GIFT strain have been distributed to several countries. According to Neira (2010), 10 of 20 tilapia family breeding programs are a continuation of GIFT. One of these breeding programs, mainly based on the fifth GIFT generation, has resulted in a further genetic gain of 59 percent after 6 generations of a multi-trait selection program (Thodesen et al. 2011). Example 2: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Norway Four base populations based on 41 wild strains were established (Gjedrem 2010). The first round of selection started in 1975. Thodesen et al. (1999) studied the response over five generations of selection in one of the populations by comparing selected and wild animals. Selection was mainly for growth rate, with some emphasis on age at sexual maturity. Improvement in growth rate was 113 percent or 22 percent per generation. In addition, the correlated effects of protein and energy retention Development of Breeding Programs for Aquatic Species Should be Given High Priority Trygve Gjedrem 1 and Kari Kolstad It should no longer be acceptable that 90 percent of aquaculture production is based on wild and genetically unimproved animals.
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