20 DECEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG TABLE 3. An assessment of the benefits to producers and the fortuitous environmental consequences of the use of good production practices in pond aquaculture. Fortuitous environmental benefit Fewer ecosensitive sites Lower number of abandoned facilities Better effluent quality Less chance of disease transfer to wild stocks Conservation of resources – especially fish meal and oil Less nitrogen and phosphorus in effluent Less land and water use per unit production Better quality and less volume of discharge in natural water bodies Fewer escapes to natural waters Less antibiotics to environment Better food safety Conserves resources and lessens carbon emissions Less destruction of birds and other predators Avoid spills into natural ecosystems Avoids ecological nuisances Better food safety Producer benefit Avoid facility failure Fewer operating problems Less maintenance Lower costs Dry, oxidized pond bottom – lower sediment oxygen demand and potential for toxic metabolites during following crop Lower disease risk and better survival Potentially lower cost and better production Better FCR and less wastes – improved water quality Lower feed costs Greater production per unit area Potentially greater profits Less pumping cost Less wastes – better water quality Less stress – better appetite and disease resistance Better survival, FCR, and production Lower costs Less loss of farm stock – more profit More effective disease control and improved survival Less risk of product rejection in international market More profit Less use of electricity and other fuels – lower costs Less loss of farm stock – greater profit Prevents wastes Avoid spills into culture systems Better (and safer) working conditions Greater efficiency and lower costs Best available practice Site selection Good engineering and construction practices Bottom soil treatment: dryout, liming, and fertilization, tilling, sediment removal Facility dryout Disinfection of water Healthy seedstock Less water exchange High quality feeds with reasonable levels of fish mealand oil, protein, and phosphorus Good feed storage Feed conservatively Attention to water quality management – especially aeration Less water exchange Adequate aeration Use liming material and fertilizers conservatively Apply feed BMPs Retain storage volume to capture rainfall Screen inlets and outlets Maintain infrastructure in good condition Avoid overflows No prophylactic use Apply biosecurity BMPs – minimizes entrance of disease to farm Water quality BMP – improves disease resistance Never use banned chemicals Purchase efficient machinery Proper machine maintenance Aerate based on dissolved oxygen concentration Lessen water exchange Use farm machinery only when necessary Use nonlethal means as much as possible Recycle or properly dispose of wastes Store and handle materials to avoid spills and loss in runoff Sanitary disposal of sewage and solid wastes Secondary containment for fuel tanks Maintain neat farm area Issue Site, design, and construction Pond preparation Biosecurity Feeds Intensification of production Water quality management Escapes Antibiotics and other therapeutants (aquatic animal health management) Energy use Predator control Farm operations
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