60 MARCH 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Implications Because the life cycle of Argentine red shrimp occurs entirely in the marine environment, the capture of large numbers of postlarvae in coastal areas for grow-out is not feasible. For this reason, it is important to know details of maturation, mating and especially the nutritional requirements of this species. Our research group has successfully completed maturation, mating in captivity, mass larval culture until PL20 and grow-out in ponds from juvenile to commercial size (20-27 g) in 140 days. More research is needed to obtain juveniles of 1 g in one month or less. Notes Jorge L. Fenuccia, Emiliano Pisania, Ana Cristina Díaza.b and Susana M. Velurtasa a Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, (UNMDPCONICET), Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina b Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas Pcia. Buenos Aires References Buico, A., C. Cassino, F. Dondero, L. Vergani and D. Osella. 2008. Radical scavenging abilities of fish Mt-A and mussel Mt-10 metallothionein isoforms: An ESR study. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 102:921-927. Díaz, A.C. and J.L. Fenucci. 2004. Effect of artificial nutrition on the induction of precocious maturation in Pleoticus muelleri Bate (Crustacea, Penaeoidea). Aquaculture Research 35:11661171. Díaz, A.C., A.V. Fernandez Gimenez, S.N. Mendiara and J.L. Fenucci. 2004. Antioxidant activity in hepatopancreas of the shrimp (Pleoticus muelleri) by electron paramagnetic spin resonance spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52:3189-3193. Díaz, A.C., S.M. Velurtas, S.N. Mendiara and J.L. Fenucci. 2012. Correlation between radical scavenging capacity and carotenoid profile during larval development of Pleoticus muelleri. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 57:43-48. Han, R. M., X.Y. Tian, S.Y. Wu, P. Wang, X.C. Ai and P.J. Zhang. 2006. Radical cation generation from zeasanthin and astaxanthin singlet and triplex exited states in chloroform. Photochemistry and Photobiology 82:538-546. Harrison, K.E. 1990. The role of nutrition in maturations, reproduction and embryonic development of decapod crustaceans: a review. Journal of Shellfish Research 9(9):1-28. Liñán-Cabello, M.A., J. Paniagua-Michel and T. Centeno-Savín. 2003. Carotenoids and retinal levels in captive and wild shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition 9:383-389. Schiedt, K., S. Bischof and E. Glinz. 1993. Metabolism of carotenoids and in vivo racemization of (3S, 3’S) astaxanthin in the crustacean Penaeus. Methods in Enzymology 214:148-168. Tanaka, Y., H. Matsuguchi, T. Katayama, K.I. Simpson and C.O. Chichester. 1976. The biosynthesis of astaxanthin-XVI. The carotenoid in crustacean. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 54:391-393. Wade, N., K.C. Goulter, K.J. Wilson., M.R. Hall and B.M. Degnan. 2005. Esterified astaxanthin levels in lobster epithelia correlate with shell colour intensity: potential role in crustacean shell colour formation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 141B:307-313. TABLE 4. Concentration of carotenoids non polar and polar in integument and ovaries (μg/g tissue) (mean ± SD, n=3). Non-polar Polar Integument Ovary Integument Ovary Wild I 1.63±0.38b 2.42±0.20c 0.68±0.08a ND M 0.80±0.22a 5.93±0.66d 0.59±0.04a 5.37±0.78b Initial I 1.68±0.62b 3.88±0.17e 1.05±0.09a 0.90±0.23c Control I 2.03±0.26c 2.44±0.00e 1.59±0.09a ND M 1.93±0.39c 5.32±0.52d 1.11±0.30a 2.12±0.36d Astaxanthin M 2.50±0.55c 3.19±0.55e 0.80±1.12a 2.03±0.50d β-carotene M 2.04±0.20c 5.35±1.30d 0.46±0.06a 3.17±0.50d Means in a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p<0.05).ND: undetected; M: mature; I: immature. Use of bioactive substances, such as nutritional additives, to improve the yields of cultured shrimp is a topic that has received increasing attention to define the biological function of carotenoids as a dietary supplement. Carotenes play an important role in organism health by acting as biological antioxidants, avoiding deterioration of cells and tissues. In crustaceans, they stimulate the immune system, serve as a source of vitamin A, increase resistance to diseases and enhance the rate of reproduction, weight gain and survival.
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