WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2015 1 VOLUME 46, NUMBER 1 THE MAGAZINE OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY MARCH 2015 W RLD AQUACULTURE Silver sillago in Abu Dhabi
2 MARCH 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2015 1 WORLD AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE WORLD AQUACULTURE magazine is published by the World Aquaculture Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. Tel: +1-225-578-3137; Fax: +1-225-578-3493; e-mail: carolm@was.org. World Aquaculture Society Home Page: www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2014-2015 Graham Mair, President Michael Schwarz, Past President Rebecca Lochmann, President-Elect William Daniels, Treasurer Patricia Abelin, Secretary DIRECTORS Luis Andre Sampaio Sandra E. Shumway Francisco S. Gomes Roy Palmer Zuridah O. Merican Carole R. Engle CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Farshad Shishehchian, Asian Pacific Michael Denson, USAS Antonio Garza de Yta, Latin America and Caribbean Kwang Sik-Choi, Korea HOME OFFICE STAFF Carol Mendoza, Director, carolm@was.org Judy E. Andrasko, Assistant Director, JudyA@was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF John Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum, Editor Linda Noble, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 Tel: +1-760-751-5005; Fax: +1-760-751-5003 e-mail: worldaqua@aol.com MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPONDENCE: Submit manuscripts as Microsoft Word files to Mary Nickum, Editor, World Aquaculture magazine. E-mail: mjnickum@gmail.com. Letters to the Editor or other comments should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, John Hargreaves at jhargreaves@was.org. WORLD AQUACULTURE (ISSN Number 1041-5602) is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. Library subscriptions are $50 annually for United States addresses, and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $45; Individuals, $65; Corporations (for-profit), $255; Sustaining, $105 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals), $1,100; E-Membership, $10 (no publications, meeting discounts and not an active member in last five years). Periodicals Postage paid at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for a subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. ©2014, The World Aquaculture Society. ■ W RLD AQUACULTURE VOL. 46 NO. 1 MARCH 2015 Cover: Eggs of silver sillago Sillago sihama spawned in Abu Dhabi. See article on page 53. 6 The WAS Employment Service 30 Years of Career Information for the Society and the International Aquaculture Community John Ewart 12 Plans Finalizing for World Aquaculture 2015 in Jeju 14 Korean Aquaculture at a Glance Hyeonho Yun, Fasil Taddese and Sungchul C. Bai 21 Meeting Future Food Security Needs Using Sustainable Production Practices: Considerations for Aquaculture Research Louis R. D’Abramo 26 Types of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Practiced in China Jianguang Fang and Jihong Zhang 32 Innovation in Seed Production and Farming of Marine Shrimp in Vietnam Tran Ngoc Hai, Pham Minh Duc, Vo Nam Son, Truong Hoang Minh and Nguyen Thanh Phuong 39 Aquaculture without Frontiers on the Move for the Next Period Roy Palmer 43 Low-Cost Tilapia Production With Fertilization and Supplementary Feeding Julius O. Manyala, Robert S. Pomeroy, Phanna Nen, Kevin Fitzsimmons, Madhav K. Shrestha and James S. Diana 48 Mindanao: An Aquaculture Haven in the Philippines Arlyn Mandas and Konrad Dabrowski 53 Spawning, Larval Rearing and Growth of the Silver Sillago in Abu Dhabi Omer M. Yousif, Krishnakumar K. Menon and A-Fatah A. A-Rahman 57 Effect of Dietary Carotenoids on Argentine Red Shrimp Broodstock Jorge L. Fenucci, Emiliano Pisani, Ana Cristina Díaz and Susana M. Velurtas 62 Aquatic Agriculture: Cultivating Floating Crops on Lakes Ricardo Radulovich, Schery Umanzor, Rebeca Mata and Desiree Elizondo (CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 2)
2 MARCH 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG President’s Column I write this on my long flight home from another successful WAS conference, Aquaculture America, held in New Orleans (Feb 20-22). This conference was well attended, with nearly 2000 participants, and a strong and diverse program. Particularly encouraging was the strong student representation, evidenced by the exceptionally well-attended student reception. (I counted nearly 200 students at the event.) The US Chapter of WAS (USAS) focuses heavily on student events as it recognizes students as the future of the Society and a driver for future growth. Throughout WAS, we try to invest in engaging students through sponsorship, awards and student-targeted events. I would particularly like to acknowledge the contributions of Chris Green, who works hard as Chair of the WAS Student Activities Committee to facilitate a wide range of creative student awards and events. I chaired the mid-year meeting of the WAS Board of Directors after the conference. We reviewed progress on some key issues and moved forward with some initiatives that are summarized here. Chapter Secretariats Chapter Secretariats have been initiated and Executive Officers (EO) appointed for both APC and LACC chapters, with both starting work late last year. It is too early to effectively gauge the impact of the secretariats but it is already evident that the presence of the EOs on the ground is increasing visibility and the scope of activities of chapters. The APC has already held two regional meetings in India and Iran, attracting nearly 200 new members. The new APC-EO (Genie) greatly facilitated the organization of these meetings. The EO of LACC (Nash) was able to attend part of the mid-year Board meeting, helping her along the steep learning curve to understand the policies and procedures of the Society. There was a general feeling that the secretariats will have a positive impact on the Chapters and the Society. The Chapters are committed to reporting a number of performance indicators related to the new secretariats. We welcome any feedback from Chapter members on their interactions with the new secretariats. Journal Reinvigoration We are now in the final throes of the selection process for an Executive Editor of the journal and we hope to have an announcement within a month. There is very active discussion among the Publications Committee and the Board about the future of the journal and how to improve its quality, especially its impact factor that, like it or loath it, appears set to remain as the main performance indicator for any journal. Personally I believe that it’s long overdue that universities and governments address the issue of the over-reliance on this imperfect measure of research ‘quality,’ especially in applied science. Equally important though is how JWAS can effectively differentiate itself from competing journals and there has been a lot of good discussion around this issue and some interesting ideas under discussion. Again we welcome input from members about what would stimulate you to publish quality work in JWAS and of course to read the journal. The Board also agreed to continue with the printed version of the journal for the time being. Contents (continued) Society 2 President’s Column 3 Editor’s Note 4 USAS Report 4 Korean Chapter Report 5 Asian Pacific Chapter Report 5 Latin American and Caribbean Chapter Report 70 Conference Calendar 71 Future Conferences and Expositions 72 Advertisers’ Index 72 Membership Application (CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE) YOU COULD BE MISSING OUT ON IMPORTANT INFORMATION Please take a moment to add wascommunication@was.org and judya@was.org to your approved sender’s list so that you do not miss out on any important information regarding the World Aquaculture Societay and your WAS membership. Many of you may not be aware that your email is not being received due to a permission or security issue. It may have been rejected by a moderator, the address may only accept email from certain senders, or another restriction.
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2015 3 Redefining Working Groups WAS has had a category known as working groups for many years. These were established a long time ago to support discipline-based technical exchanges on key topics. A number of working groups have been formed for specific purposes but in recent years there has been relatively little activity within working groups and most have been disbanded with only one remaining. One of the reasons for the apparent redundancy of the working group concept is likely to be their relatively inflexible structure and onerous requirements for formation. The Industry Relations committee is moving forward to develop a proposal to create a new more flexible entity to be known as a “Community of Practice” or “Special Interest Group.” These will be flexible in structure, with WAS providing a range of support services to facilitate communication within the group. We envisage these groups to be relatively small and related to disciplines or industry special interests that have not yet formed their own associations or are currently too small to warrant this. WAS will facilitate communication and networking to allow the group to build cooperation and collaboration, which can obviously include the organization of special sessions at conferences. In some respects these groups may be incubators for cooperation on issues that may grow into more formal associations. A proposal will be submitted to the Board in May and we want to create examples of two or three such groups for approval at the same time. If you have any ideas for initiating communication (or formalizing existing informal communication) with such a supportive structure please let us know and perhaps your group can become pioneers in this space. Although this initiative is being built with industry in mind, there is no reason why groups cannot be discipline-based or academic. Review of Communications Strategy As a traditional knowledge broker, effective communication is at the heart of almost everything the Society does. Our traditional communications through publications and networking events, particularly the regular conferences around the world, are well established. We have also introduced some new initiatives such as the WAS app, improvements to the website and some presence on social media, such as the WAS and WAS-APC Facebook sites. However, we are inconsistent in communication directly associated with conferences (such as media releases during conferences) and lack an adequate overarching, coordinated and proactive communication strategy. A renamed ad hoc Communications Committee will review our communications practices and needs and present a comprehensive strategy to the Board at the next meeting in May. Student Activities The relative success of student activities, including current and future sponsorship of awards, has generated a requirement for greater coordination of activities, for example to ensure that we do not generate a plethora of individual awards that ultimately devalues each award. We are thus conducting a review of student awards to develop a coordinated strategy between the parent society and the chapters such that the awards can provide the greatest impact for sponsors and awardees. We are also considering an approach suggested by Alltech, which introduced the concept of WAS awardees gaining entry to their prestigious global young scientist program, which has now been running for ten years. Promotions and Membership In my first column as President I wrote that the “fact that we are not growing our membership indicates that one or more elements of our value proposition are off target or simply that we are not communicating our value proposition effectively.” We are planning to address the communications issue with a new communication strategy but we are currently embarking on an analysis of the value proposition of the society for current and future members. Over the next four months we will be seeking friends, members, ambassadors and key contacts in industry and academia to conduct interviews with non-members from various sectors of aquaculture, targeted at understanding what people representing aquaculture industry sectors want and expect from a professional society such as WAS. This will inform the development and communication of the value proposition of WAS going forward. Please contact me if you would be willing to assist us in this task. I reiterate my previously expressed view that, if we can get the Society value proposition right and communicate it effectively in underrepresented areas, we could have a dramatic and relatively rapid impact on our reach and our membership. On my way out of New Orleans I took a slight detour to visit the WAS Home Office in Baton Rouge, which was only a 90-min drive from New Orleans (not a particularly pleasant experience in driving rain!). Most WAS members, including the Board, never get to visit the Home Office so I thought I would visit Carol and Judy in the engine room of the Society where all financial matters and membership issues are handled. Based in an old building on the campus of Louisiana State University, it’s a quiet location and probably does not receive too many visitors, so I hope that that Carol and Judy appreciated the brief interlude. Thanks for all the good work you do in support of WAS! If you would like to provide feedback on the issues raised in this column please respond to the WAS Home Office (carolm@was. org) or directly to me (graham.mair@seafoodcrc.com). — Graham Mair, President WAS President Graham Mair visits Carol Mendoza and Judy Andrasko of the WAS Home Office after Aquaculture America.
4 MARCH 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG CHAPTER REPORTS U.S. Aquaculture Society Well, this is my last column as USAS President. Thank you for the opportunity to serve USAS in this capacity. I have really enjoyed it and the time has flown by. I haven’t accomplishment as much as I had hoped but look forward to continuing to work for USAS on the Board as Past-President. As always, thank you to the current USAS Board and ex officio members. I know each of you has given more than precious time. I hope it has been a meaningful and rewarding year for all of you; it certainly has been for me. The Board says good-bye to Reg Blaylock (Secretary/Treasurer), Steven Rawles (Director) and Chris Bentley (Director). Each has served USAS and its membership with dedication and their impact has been felt by all. Thanks Reg for serving as a most diligent Secretary and watchful steward of the budget. I really appreciate you helping me stay between the lines – a hard job I know. Thanks, Steven, for your ever sage and balanced wisdom and for your organization and contributions to the biennial Statistics Course with the AFS-FCS. We want to expand these types of continuing education opportunities to members largely because you have set such a great example with this successful course. Thanks for your continued interest to help with this. And, Chris, as chair of the Promotion and Membership Committee, your ideas and strategies have been invigorating. I wish you could stay with the Board longer. I’d like to welcome the incoming USAS Board members – Gef Flimlin (President-Elect), Gulnihal Ozbay (Secretary/Treasurer), David Straus and Kwamena Quagrainie (Directors). I know you will serve well with the incoming President, Mike Denson. Mike, thanks for being the best President-Elect and having my back. It has been great experience working with you and I look forward to continued collaboration. Recently I have been preparing an accomplishment report to close out the 2010-2014 USAS Strategic Plan. There are five strategic goals in the plan and I am pleased to report that every goal had some progress and activity during the period. In my opinion, the greatest impact was in Goals 1 and 2. USAS continues to sponsor and develop science-based programs particularly in the Aquaculture America conferences (thank you David Cline for your leadership with this for AA15) and we are actively working on ways to increase the number of educational programs offered by USAS and sponsorship of more regional meetings. 2010-2014 USAS STRATEGIC PLAN GOALS • Goal 1: Provide science-based educational programs for the U.S. Aquaculture Industry. • Goal 2: Enhance member benefits and services. • Goal 3: Provide national leadership in workforce development for USAS student members. • Goal 4: Develop partnerships, collaborations and coalitions with and among other aquaculture-related organizations in the United States. • Goal 5: Provide leadership development opportunities for USAS members. There have been significant changes and development with the student awards in 2014. Again, many thanks to all our new and old sponsors for these awards. We continue to struggle with the right direction and effective medium for a USAS social network presence. I have a feeling that we will see significant improvement in those areas in the next few years. At our pre-conference board meeting we will review the strategic plan for 2015-2019. Once finalized, this plan will be posted to our webpage. Stay tuned. (CONTINUED ON PAGE 72) The Korean Chapter of WAS and the organizing committee of World Aquaculture 2015 is looking forward to welcome all conference participants to Jeju Island, also known as the Island of Peace or the Hawaii of the Far East. This year, the World Aquaculture Society annual meeting will take place there from 26 to 31 May. Jeju is one of nine provinces in South Korea, situated on and coterminous with the nation’s largest island of Jeju. The island is volcanic, dominated by Halla-san (Halla Mountain), about 1,950 m (6,400 ft) high and the highest mountain in South Korea. The island measures approximately 73 km (45 mi) across, east to west, and 41 km (25 mi) from north to south. Jeju has a mild subtropical climate, warmer than that of the rest of Korea, winters are cool and dry and spring is warm and fine to attract tourists. Due to the exotic and beauty of the nature, Jeju Island has been a destination of tourists from all over the world, enjoying variety of outdoor activities including hiking, SCUBA diving and fishing. Jeju Island is also famous for aquaculture and fisheries, with more than half of the total aquaculture production of flounder (20,000-25,000 t) originating from Jeju Island. We hope that World Aquaculture 2015 in Jeju will provide a forum for scientists, educators, managers, environmentalists and relevant local stakeholders from key organizations around the world to share their knowledge and experiences on all aspects of aquaculture, management, and conservation. — Albert Kwang-Sik Choi, President Korean Chapter
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2015 5 In the past few months many new things have happened in the APC, including having new members on board. Dr. Endhay Kusnendar is the President-Elect of the APC. He is a Senior Researcher at the Research and Development Centre for Aquaculture, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) in Indonesia. He obtained a Master’s degree in aquaculture from the Faculty of Fisheries, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia and a Ph.D. in Applied Biological Sciences from University of Ghent, Belgium. Dr. Jennifer Cobcroft is a new Director on the Board. She has facilitated hatchery and communications workshops for industry and researchers in Australia and New Zealand. She was recently the Leader of the Australian Seafood CRC Aquaculture Production Innovation Hub and is currently a researcher at the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS) in Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Brett Glencross is also a new board member. He is a Senior Principal Research Scientist for aquaculture feed technologies research within the Aquaculture Research Program of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia. He has Honours and Master’s Degrees in Biochemistry from the University of Western Australia and a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Queensland. We have Pornnatcha Klinsorn (Genie) as permanent Executive Officer, stationed in Bangkok. In this role, Genie will be mainly taking care of promotion and expanding membership in the Asia Pacific chapter region, helping to organize meetings and workshops, and undertaking social media and chapter website communication management. She will be the coordination point between the APC Board and the WAS Home Office. We organized two workshops in January and February, in India and Iran. In India, the workshop was organized with the help of Tamil Nadu Fisheries University. The topic was “Advanced Shrimp Farming” and we had over 130 participants all became members of WAS and the APC. We also received generous great support from our major sponsors of this event from Blue Aqua International, Deevee Biological and Sheng Long India Pvt. We had the followAsian Pacific Chapter CHAPTER REPORTS (CONTINUED ON PAGE 72) After an extremely active end of 2014, we are starting 2015 with another exciting event: Aquaculture Americas 2015 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. I am writing this column prior to the event (although it will be published after it has concluded) and I am sure it will be a great success. Our fellow U.S. Chapter is known for always organizing world-class conferences and gathering the best aquaculture scientists from around the globe. Professional organizations are a strong part of professional culture in the United States. In some countries of the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region becoming part of these organizations is usually not seen as important as it is in reality. I have had to take personal days off to attend the meeting, and there are many other people that are not allowed to attend professional meetings because many employers do not consider professional organizations of any relevance. They could not be more wrong. I am absolutely convinced of the importance of professional organizations as the best way to stay current in this dynamic world. Recently I had the opportunity to attend a meeting where representatives of numerous producer associations met to discuss several topics about many different species. I was shocked to see the degree of misinformation that was presented in the meeting. Several topics were discussed and many of them were completely outdated! Some new “breakthroughs” were announced, but this information was published internationally at least three years ago. Topics that have been publicly discussed repeatedly over the years and are known as fact were presented as the results of “our recent studies.” I really did not know what to say. I thought the LAC region had seen those days pass long ago; I guess I was wrong. We continue to meet with the main objective to make requests of our governments, for our personal gain. Only in a few exceptions do we actually meet to learn. This could be a “cultural” thing but, if it is, it might be about time that we do something to change it. We need to copy the good things from developed countries, not just adopt the bad habits! I have to say I am disappointed, but at the same time I am proud. I am proud of being part of this professional organization, I am proud of WAS, I am proud of being part of a group of people who really want to change things, who still want to learn, who are eager to share, who are willing to teach. We are not many people yet compared to the vast number of practicing aquaculturists, but we are wiry, we persevere and we will succeed in the end. I am proud of all the members of this association and want to express my appreciation to all of you. May you keep spreading the passion for aquaculture in the LAC region and beyond. I want to leave you with a short reminder about our own regional conference – and the best way to share our experience – LACQUA 15. This year LACQUA will take place in the Convention Center of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, during 16-20 November in coordination with FENACAM 2015. Do not forget to mark your calendars. See you there. Let’s make things happen. — Antonio Garza de Yta, President Latin American and Caribbean Chapter
6 MARCH 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Availability and access to employment and career information has kept pace with the growth of the global aquaculture industry. The widespread reach of the Internet now makes it possible for students, professionals and businesses to find an unprecedented selection of information on domestic and international jobs, graduate assistantships, internships, resumes and other career resources. A Google search for “aquaculture jobs” yields more than 11 million links to information about employment in aquaculture, fisheries, other aquatic sciences and the seafood industry. Employment categories range from top administrative and management positions to mid- and entry-level technical support jobs in business, academics, research, and extension, government agencies, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). A Simple Beginning WAS and chapter members use the Society’s website (www. was.org) for the variety of services offered, along with information about new publications, annual international and chapter meeting details and the latest job and resume listings posted by the WAS Employment Service. The Employment link is one of the most popular on the WAS website, averaging more than 4,200 unique visitors and 13,000 visitor sessions monthly. With few exceptions, virtually everyone accessing employment information via the WAS website knows nothing about the background of the employment service and its relatively inauspicious debut 30 years ago on January 13-17, 1985 in Orlando, Florida at the 16th annual meeting of what at that time was the World Mariculture Society (WMS). The WMS became the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) in 1986. That old saying “necessity is the mother of invention” probably best describes the reasons for why and how the The WAS Employment Service 30 Years of Career Information for the Society and the International Aquaculture Community John Ewart employment service began. It was all pretty simple. My funding support as a shellfish hatchery technician for the University of Delaware was ending, so I went to the 15th annual WMS meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia, hoping to explore some new job opportunities. I was disappointed that nothing was organized or available for students or others looking for work, not even a place to post a resume. In what turned out to be a fortunate coincidence, Gary Pruder, a research colleague at the University of Delaware, was the incoming President of the World Mariculture Society for 1985-1986. His half-joking,-half serious response to my complaint about job hunting in Vancouver was to appoint me to be the coordinator of a new employment service for WMS members. So, the next year I made arrangements in Orlando for a display board and posted six job announcements clipped from trade magazine advertisements and one resume (mine). By the end of the meeting another 20 resumes and a half-dozen more job announcements were pinned up on the board. Things just continued from there. From such a simple beginning, who could have possibly imagined, 30 years later, that the World Aquaculture Society would still be providing its members and other aquaculturists from 174 countries with year-round access to job listings, resumes and 80 links to other websites with employment information? The Internet and Global Communication Following Orlando, interest and participation in the posting of employment information at annual U.S.-based WAS meetings continued to grow. Other services were added to assist employers with on-site interviews with potential job candidates. Summaries of available positions posted at the meetings were compiled for mailing to job hunters unable to attend. Those few and limited options for distributing job information changed in an Country Sessions Percent Percent of New users Percent of total new sessions of total United States 46,601 45.0 31.8 14,814 40.3 India 9,214 8.9 43.1 3,973 10.8 Canada 3,999 3.9 36.2 1,449 4.0 Spain 3,413 3.3 44.2 1,510 4.1 Philippines 2,973 2.9 40.7 1,210 3.3 France 2,389 2.3 37.2 889 2.4 United Kingdom 2,361 2.3 36.8 868 2.4 Mexico 2,170 2.1 32.3 700 1.9 Australia 2,100 2.0 35.1 738 2.0 Saudi Arabia 1,624 1.6 28.5 462 1.3 Malaysia 1,592 1.5 35.7 569 1.6
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2015 7 extraordinary way in 1994 with the beginning of commercial and public access to the “World Wide Web” and the introduction of the Aquaculture Network Information Center (AquaNIC) website. LaDon Swann was the chief architect responsible for establishing AquaNIC as a dedicated aquaculture website – the first in the U.S. – with the goal of serving as the information gateway to the world’s electronic resources on aquaculture. Swann, at that time an extension specialist at Purdue University and currently Director of the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, collaborated with Mark Einstein, an Internet Technology specialist with the Department of Animal Sciences at Purdue University, to develop and manage AquaNIC. Initial funding was provided by the USDA Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service (now known as the National Institute for Food and Agriculture) and the Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant Program. The North Central Regional Aquaculture Center, the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, the Alabama Cooperative Extension System, and the National Sea Grant program also provided sustaining support. With a compilation of more than 8,000 state, national, and international aquaculture publications, newsletters, videos and other media, and 800 links to other domestic and international websites, AquaNIC grew in domestic and international popularity to become a premier aquaculture information resource, drawing more than one million visitors annually from the United States and more than 90 countries. Development of searchable job and resume databases was a new and innovative technical achievement at that time, and “/Jobs” was the most accessed sub-directory on the website, accounting for 39 percent of visitor traffic. Other features included online submission forms for jobs and resumes and a series of links to other employment and career-related information. The WAS worked cooperatively with AquaNIC to manage the jobs section by adding and updating job listings and other content, identifying new links to other job and career websites, and assisting students, industry members, and employers with their use of the job and resume databases throughout the year. As the Society continued to increase and diversify its international membership and support new professional development initiatives for students, an employment service booth with current jobs, resumes, interview opportunities, and online website access became a regular part of World Aquaculture and U.S. Aquaculture Society annual meetings. Past, Present, and Future What started as a simple solution to fill a need for job information at annual U.S. aquaculture meetings continued to grow, adapt, and develop into a web-based international resource for the year-round exchange of employment information. Since the advent of online listings, the employment service has posted more than 18,700 jobs and 13,000 resumes. In 2011, the cumulative effect of budget reductions and lack of funding support, Einstein’s retirement and the launch of the U.S. Land Grant University System’s comprehensive eXtension website (www.extension.org) contributed to discontinuation of operation of the Aquaculture Network Information Center after 17 years of service. Most of the technical publications, media, and other links on AquaNIC were transferred to eXtension, but finding a new home for the continuation of the job and resume databases proved to be more problematic due to the unique nature of the AquaNIC-WAS collaboration. Fortunately, with the assistance of WAS Webmaster George McKee and Mark Einstein working out the technical details, the employment files were successfully integrated with the WAS website in January 2012. Website data compiled over the 30-month period (1 January 2012 to 1 July 2014) since the transfer of employment service files from AquaNIC to the WAS server illustrate current usage patterns. The combined job, resume and link databases received an average of 50,760 unique visitors annually from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and 174 countries. New (36 percent) and returning (64 percent) visitors average 161,172 visitor sessions and 382,164 page views per year with international visitors accounting for 55 percent of the overall traffic volume. Using Google Analytics to assess international and U.S. visitor traffic linking to the WAS employment pages via the Delaware Aquaculture Resource Center (darc.cms.udel.edu/wases) during that same time period provides additional insight on the top ten most active countries and states, and their relative proportion of new users and new visitor sessions. In the early years of industry development and the AquaNIC website, the majority of visitors (63 Country Sessions Percent Percent of New users Percent of total new sessions of total United States 46,601 45.0 31.8 14,814 40.3 Florida 4,761 10.2 38.7 1,845 12.5 North Carolina 3,489 7.5 20.7 724 4.9 Maryland 2,946 6.3 16.2 477 3.2 Texas 2,876 6.2 25.7 739 5.0 California 2,589 5.6 41.8 1,082 7.3 Virginia 1,917 4.1 27.1 520 3.5 Washington 1,782 3.8 23.9 425 2.9 New York 1,633 3.5 35.8 584 3.9 Kentucky 1,504 3.2 16.5 248 1.7 Alabama 1,503 3.2 30.6 460 3.1 (CONTINUED ON PAGE 8)
8 MARCH 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG percent) for all categories of technical information were from the United States with the remainder (37 percent) representing 90 other countries. As expected with a new and emerging technology, new visitors (83 percent) far outnumbered those returning (17 percent). In the ensuing 20 years, as aquaculture has grown and Internet access has become more extensive and commonplace around the world, the total number and distribution of visitors to the WAS employment pages has also changed. Returning visitors for job-related information (64 percent) on average outnumber new visitors (36 percent) by almost a 2:1 ratio. International usage has grown to represent more than half (55 percent) of visitor traffic and the number of countries represented (174) has almost doubled. Increasing international use of the employment service job, resume and links databases is expected to continue, and is facilitated by the WAS policy to make online job information available not only to members, but to all without cost as a service to the global aquaculture community. As the WAS Employment Service enters into its 31st year and moves forward, its fundamental goal remains the same as when it started, to serve as a clearinghouse for up-to-date aquaculture job and career information. Since the beginning of online job services with the AquaNIC-WAS databases in 1994, other commercial and open (free) online employment resources have become plentiful. A Google search returning over 11 million links presents too much information for most people to manage in a timely and effective manner. The WAS Employment Service website aims to provide some focus by maintaining a current list of jobs and job candidates, while also highlighting the best of the many other links to online employment and career resources in aquaculture, fisheries and the aquatic sciences. Other longer-term goals include 1) increasing WAS member access to and utilization of employment information by continuing to educate new and current student, professional members and employers about the website and range of services offered, 2) continuing to work with and support WAS student affairs and career development efforts with the U.S. Aquaculture Society and the other WAS regional chapters, and 3) identifying additional regional employment links to better serve members in the AsianPacific, Latin American and Caribbean and Korean Chapters. Notes John Ewart (ewart@udel.edu) is an aquaculture and fisheries extension specialist for the Delaware Sea Grant program. He started and continues to manage employment services for WAS. References Swann, D.L. and M. Einstein. 2000. User analysis and future directions of the web-based Aquaculture Network Information Center. Journal of Extension 38(5). www.joe.org/ joe/2000october/iw2.php WAS Employment, continued from page 6 I enjoyed your editorial on Aquaculture and Food Security in the December issue of World Aquaculture. Given its increasing importance, I think it is right that our industry should now begin to look at itself in terms of global food security concerns. However, now that we’re starting to talk about it in this way, rather than mostly as a supplement to wild fish supplies, I wonder if we shouldn’t broaden the vision to emphasize farming of seaweeds (macroalgae) as well as fish and other animals. The great majority of the human diet derives from plants. Animal products contribute only 15 percent, of which 64 percent is milk and eggs. If aquaculture aspires to play a major role in future world food security, and it should, it will, like agriculture, have to be based mostly on production of vegetable matter (see www.marineagronomy.org). You cite FAO data on current levels of hunger and malnutrition in the world, but do not mention FAO’s projection of there being 2 billion more people here by 2050 and that to feed them and to accommodate the still unmet needs of those who are already here we will need to produce 70 percent more food than we do today. That means about 5 billion t/yr more food, which puts aquaculture’s present production of 66.6 million t/yr of food fish in perspective and points to the need for us to broaden our vision and think about the future development of our industry in a different way. In fact, as our industry has gained experience of farming food fish at sea in recent years, I see this as the next stage in its evolution. Already over 20 million t/yr of seaweed are produced by Letter to the Editor farming, at least 10× more than is harvested from the wild. Why couldn’t we produce much more than that? There’s much more space available at sea than there is on land and farming seaweeds requires no freshwater for irrigation, the lack of which constrains agricultural expansion in many countries. Seaweed production would also remove CO2 from seawater and so help to reduce ocean acidification, and it could also help to remove nutrients in coastal waters where terrestrial runoff causes dead zones. Farming and processing of a volume of seaweeds that would contribute significantly to our future food needs would also create lots of new business opportunities and many thousands, if not millions of jobs. To make it a reality, the challenge is to change our mindset and that of the markets we supply, so that ‘sea vegetables’ become as much a part of our everyday diet as terrestrial vegetables are now. This is an area in which Ocean Approved in Maine (www. oceanapproved.com) is showing the way and suggests there is as much opportunity in finding new ways to process, cook and serve seaweeds as there is in growing them in the first place. In fact, the two are vitally interlinked. If, as you conclude in your editorial, “Food security goals and strategies need to be an integral and explicit part of policies and governance of the aquaculture sector,” I wonder if this is an aspect of our industry where WAS and World Aquaculture could now take the lead and promote active discussion on the subject. — John Forster, Forster Consulting Inc., Port Angeles, WA
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2015 9 Editor’s Note A recent headline from FAO GLOBEFISH blared Evergrowing demands and extreme supply constraints pushed fishmeal/ oil prices to record highs in 2014. The price of high-quality Peruvian fishmeal is now around $2400/t, compared to $600/t ten years ago. The supply and price of fishmeal has also been volatile over the last decade, caused by coincident underperformance of geographically unconnected forage fisheries. The production of fishmeal has been fairly constant between 4.5 and 6 million t over the last ten years, although supply has been restricted somewhat compared to previous decades because more is being diverted to direct human consumption and fishing quotas have been reduced as a precautionary resource protection measure. The global supply of fishmeal from forage fisheries is around 3-4 million t. The balance, about 1/3 of the supply, is provided by fish processing by-products. The International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organization (IFFO) estimates that 40-50 percent of the fishmeal supply could be derived from processing by-products by 2020. Of course, the expansion of aquaculture means that an increasing fraction of this material will be derived from the processing of farmed species. In 1980, about half of the fishmeal supply was used in poultry feeds and only 10 percent in aquafeeds. In 2012, about 68 percent of the fishmeal supply was used in aquafeeds. Of the fishmeal used in aquafeeds, about ¼ is used for shrimp, ¼ for salmon, ¼ for marine fish and the remaining ¼ for other species. The inclusion level of fishmeal in aquafeeds varies by species group, increasing along the trophic gradient of herbivorous or omnivorous fish (3-5 percent), penaeid shrimp (20-25 percent) and marine and carnivorous fish (30 percent). China is the world’s largest importer of ingredients used in feeds, including fishmeal. The country imports 1/3 of the global annual trade in fishmeal, including 60 percent of Peru’s anchovy catch. In 2012, the fishmeal supply in China was derived from imported (1.2 million t) and domestic (0.5 million t) sources. The main consumers of fishmeal in China are aquaculture (1 million t) and terrestrial animal (mostly pig) farming (0.7 million t). Shrimp aquafeeds consume about half of the fishmeal used in aquaculture in China. According to the IFFO, although the production of formulated aquafeeds in China has tripled over the last ten years, the use of fishmeal has only doubled. The big changes in aquaculture in China have been the expansion of shrimp farming and the shift from fertilized polyculture to more intensive fed carp culture. A recent paper in Science, China’s aquaculture and the world’s wild fisheries, demonstrates the tremendous extent to which the country is burdening global fisheries resources to support its aquaculture sector. In addition to the demands on global fishmeal supply, coastal fisheries in China, particularly for trash fish that are used to produce fishmeal, are poorly regulated and fully or overexploited, negatively impacting the productivity of those fisheries. The authors of the Science paper suggest that recycling seafood processing byproducts, already contributing 40 percent of the total fishmeal supply could replace half to two-thirds of the volume of fishmeal currently used in aquaculture in China. In using this material, concerns and challenges related to lower protein quality, disease transmission and contaminant accumulation must be addressed. Reducing fishmeal in aquafeeds and replacing or supplementing high-quality fishmeal from forage fish with domestically-sourced seafood processing wastes offer a path forward for aquaculture in China. The limited supply and high cost of fishmeal have created a powerful incentive for aquaculture to develop alternative protein sources. The continued growth of global aquaculture, despite a more or less stable supply of fishmeal, indicates a definitive turn to alternate protein sources, mainly soybean meal, and a reduction in the incorporation rate of fishmeal in aquafeeds for all species. The IFFO now describes fishmeal as a “strategic ingredient,” no longer a commodity, as its value has increased. Fishmeal substitution is an ongoing and active area of fish nutrition research. Alternative protein sources being evaluated include cultured microbial organisms (single-cell protein, yeast, heterotrophic algae), aquatic plants and seaweeds, proteins rendered from processing of terrestrial animals (including more than 2 million t of meat and bone meal and 1 million t of poultry by-product meal in the USA alone) and various plant protein concentrates. The cost of reducing fishmeal use in aquafeeds in terms of reduced protein retention and increased feed conversion is high, especially for marine species. Small increases in feed conversion associated with reductions in fishmeal incorporation rates can have profound negative effects on production economics. Anyone concerned about the sustainability of fed aquaculture might be alarmed by the potential constraint imposed by finite supplies of fishmeal, which has been described by some as a “trap.” However, current trends suggest cautious optimism. It seems likely that technical advances will continue to the point where fishmeal supply will not constrain the growth of fed aquaculture. It also seems likely that higher-value species will use an increasing proportion of the supply and lower-value species that are more flexible and can efficiently use other protein feedstuffs will use less fishmeal. The Global Standard for Responsible Supply, an IFFO initiative, is a positive development regarding sustainable management of forage fish resources. This standard is the basis of a certification program that requires demonstration of responsible sourcing of raw material from well-managed fisheries and a quality control program for conversion into pure, safe and traceable products. Most of the largest forage fisheries have been approved to supply certified fishmeal and fish oil. Responsible sourcing of fishmeal is now firmly embedded in all the major aquaculture certification programs. — John A. Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Fishmeal in Future Aquaculture
10 MARCH 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG The International conference and trade show on Aquaculture, World Aquaculture 2015, Jeju, Korea, will enhance industry participation by incorporating the newly organized WA15 AquaForum. The WA15 AquaForum has been created to benefit industry professionals during the WA15 conference and exhibition. The organizing committee invites Asian farmers, suppliers, and other industry professionals to Jeju, Korea to attend this forum. Activities will include specific topical industry sessions, facilitated workshops, round table discussions, simultaneous translations, designated meeting spaces, farm tours, etc. The focus of the WA15 AquaForum is targeted towards the most important industry issues affecting key Asia Pacific aquaculture producing countries. It is a true Industry forum whereby timely topical and regionally relevant sessions are tailored to enhance industrial representation and participation. Session topics will include Flatfish Health, Shrimp Health, Aqua Feed technologies, Marine Finfish Technologies, Enhancing Shellfish Production and Integrated Aquaculture. WAS aquaforum 2015 Updated information on: www.was.org and Linked-in group ‘World Aquaculture 2015 AquaForum’ World Aquaculture 2015 AquaForum Jeju Island, Korea May 26-29, 2015
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12 MARCH 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG The theme for World Aquaculture 2015 in Jeju is ‘Aquaculture for Healthy People, Planet and Profit,’ relevant for an area with a strong aquaculture industry, a population with a high seafood consumption rate and home to a natural UNESCO World Heritage Site. The plenary speakers for the event have been chosen specifically to cover the conference theme in their presentations. Dr. Kang-sen Mai (麦康森), Professor of aquaculture nutrition, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China currently focuses on fish species native to China and, as a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, plays a major role in shaping the country’s aquaculture policy. Additionally he is Vice-Chairman of the China Society of Fisheries and committee member of International Fish Nutrition and Feeding. Kang-sen’s current research topics are mainly on the nutritional physiology and nutrient quantitative requirements of the representative mariculture species in China, such as turbot, yellow croaker, seabass and groupers. He is particularly interested in comparative studies on protein metabolism among carnivorous, omnivorous and herbivorous fish, and the replacement of fishmeal by alternative protein sources in their feeds. He has produced more than 200 publications and 30 authorized national invention patents in aquaculture nutrition and feeds and will also be chairing the ‘Aquaculture in China’ session at WA2015. Shakuntala Haraksingh Thilsted is Senior Nutrition Adviser at WorldFish Center in Bangladesh and has a background with the Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Her broad area of research and expertise is food-based strategies for improved food and nutrition security in low-income countries. She has carried out work in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India (West Bengal) and Nepal, together with government institutions, universities and NGOs, focusing on the potential of nutrient-dense small fish in combating and preventing vitamin and mineral deficiencies, in particular, vitamin A, iron, zinc and calcium, especially in women and children. At the WorldFish Center, she has been developing and implementing the CGIAR Mega Program 4: Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health. Additionally Shakuntala will be the keynote speaker for the Seafood & Health (GILLS) session at WA2015. The final plenary speaker will be the President of Korea’s National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), whose anticipated appointment will be in February. The NFRDI is a scientific body operated by the South Korean government, under the authority of the Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. It was first established in 1921 and subsidiary institutes operate in each of the major Korean fisheries/ aquaculture. Interestingly the first stop on the Industrial Tour (www.was.org/meetings/pdf/WA2015FarmTours.pdf) on 31 May will be the Future Aquaculture Research Center which highlights the importance that is placed on the aquaculture industry in Korea. Plans Finalizing for World Aquaculture 2015 in Jeju For delegates travelling to Jeju for the first time some of the overseas steering committee members have produced a ‘Getting To Jeju’ blog which can be seen online (www.was.org/meetings/ pdf/WA2015GettingToJeju.pdf), which should be of some help. AquaForum to be Held in Conjunction with World Aquaculture 2015 An AquaForum has been created to benefit industry professionals during the World Aquaculture 2015 conference and exhibition. The organizing committee has invited Asian farmers, suppliers, and other industry professionals to Jeju, Korea to attend the forum, which will be held on 26 May 2015. Activities will include specific topical industry sessions, facilitated workshops, roundtable panel discussions, simultaneous translations in Korean and Chinese, designated meeting spaces and farm tours. The focus of the AquaForum is targeted towards the most important industry issues affecting key Asia-Pacific aquaculture producing countries. It is a true industry forum where timely topical and regionally relevant sessions will be tailored to enhance industrial representation and participation. The main thematic areas are biosecurity, nutrition and aquaculture production systems. Among the speakers making presentations at the AquaForum are: Kangsan Mai is a professor of aquaculture nutrition at the Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. He will speak about the sustainability of aquaculture and the aquafeed industry in China. Patrick Sorgeloos is an emeritus professor of aquaculture at Ghent University in Belgium, with expertise in fish and shellfish larviculture. He will speak about progress in marine fish and shrimp larviculture, with a focus on opportunities for Asia. Victoria Alday is a consultant with expertise in aquatic animal health, including shrimp and fish diseases, diagnostics, health management, sanitary legislation and biosecurity. She will provide an update on the role of biosecurity in controlling disease in marine shrimp culture. Shuanglin Dong is Vice-President, Dean of the Graduate School and Professor in the Fisheries College of the Ocean University of China. His research work focuses on aquaculture ecology. Dr. Dong will talk on current and future trends in regional aquaculture production systems in China. Leo Galli is Technical Director of the Fish Vet Group Asia, Ltd. He is a veterinarian with over 25 years of experience in commercial shrimp production, with abundant experience in shrimp pathology, biosecurity and genetic selection programs. He will speak about assuring health and biosecurity in finfish and shrimp culture systems. Participants can obtain more information or register for the AquaForum online (www.marevent.com/aquaforum).
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